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The Abbeville institute says abolitionists were actually southerners and makes me question the nature of humanity

Hello all, a few months ago I made a post here about Donald Livingston, a former professor of Emory university and founder of the Abbeville institute, a ‘think tank’ dedicated to “critical study of what is true and valuable in the Southern tradition” (About us). Basically they just run a bunch of articles and podcasts about how the south is oppressed and the usual lost cause gambit. My post was well received and a few people asked me to make a new one. I started making this paper but I got a really bad bout of depression and couldn't stand to read any more of their garbage (it really makes you lose your faith in humanity). But I’m feeling much better now and the release of the 1776 commission (which contains many of the fallacies and errors in this article) inspired me to finish it.
I figured I’d pick out this article because it’s a bonkers. It was written by a man named John Marquardt. Unlike Livingston, who is a very public figure with a number of lectures and podcasts, Marquardt seems to be a quiet writer. His information on the website says he attended the University of Georgia and studies trade. I did a little digging and found that he has a biography on ‘prabook’, a website I had never heard of before, saying he majored in journalism and was a New York state senator from 1962-70. A quick search of Wikipedia’s list of assembly people from those times found no records of him.
Marquardt’s paper basically boils down to three arguments:
  1. Slavery was practiced in both the north and the south so it’s unfair to characterize slavery as a Southern institution.
  2. Abolitionism occurred in both the north and the south, so it’s unfair to blame the south for slavery
  3. Both white and Black people owned slaves, so it’s not fair to characterize slavery as a white institution.
Argument one: Slavery in the north
Of the three arguments, I think this one comes the closest to being accurate, although the conclusions that are drawn are objectionable.
During America’s colonial period there were as many as five thousand slaves in Connecticut alone and a few still remained in bondage there as late as 1840.
To be fair, Marquardt does point out that 5,000 is a small proportion of the overall number of slaves in America but he just kind of pretends that it doesn't matter, stating that the existence of any slaves in the north is a sort of moral equivalency. Northerners were clearly bothered by the existence of slavery and tried to abolish it. That’s why the number of slaves in the north was declining while the number of slaves in the south was stable or increasing. (O’Neil, 2019)
In New York, over seven percent of the population in the late Eighteenth Century were black slaves, with the last slave being freed there in 1827. In Rhode Island, over six percent of the population were enslaved and the practice there lasted until 1842, New Jersey, however, had the highest number, almost eight percent, and the latest date for total emancipation, 1865.
Although its true that slavery had existed in many northern states this was not the case everywhere. Northern states under the northwest ordinance never had slavery of any kind and, by 1850 the lines had clearly been drawn, with most northern states either abolishing slavery outright or implementing a form of gradual emancipation while slavery remained legal in all southern states. Although it is true that northern states had an economic interest and participated in slavery, it is clear that the political force of abolitionism was concentrated in the north.
Argument two: good people on both sides
Marquardt gives a long list of early southern abolitionists and argues that the existence of southern abolitionists means the credit for abolishing slavery should be divided between the north and the south.
The roots of the myth that slavery was primarily a white Southern institution were planted three decades prior to the War Between the States by the abolitionists in New York and New England. This myth also included the idea that those same abolitionists of the 1830s had introduced the freeing of slaves in America. Actually, however, the first seeds of emancipation were sown in 1688 when the Quakers in Germantown, Pennsylvania, issued a “Petition Against Slavery” which urged the abolishment of slavery in all Quaker communities.
(It seems a little strange to argue against abolitionism being a northern institution and your first point of evidence is northern Quakers abolishing slavery.)
As early as 1792, a Kentucky minister, David Rice, gave a speech at Kentucky’s Constitutional Convention in which he called slavery an ‘injustice’ and described slaveholders as ‘licensed robbers.’...Other voices in the South, like those of clergymen David Barrows and John Paxton in Virginia, [also] echoed such sentiments.
Marquardt drags 1830’s northern abolitionists through the coals here, but the reason they were so hostile to southerners was because abolitionism as a political movement had ceased to exist there. Any progress the southern abolitionist movements were making was abruptly shattered in 1831 after the Nat turner slave revolt. After the revolt, southern states began limiting the rights of newspapers to publish abolitionist materials and tightening restrictions on free blacks. Preaching abolitionism in the south could reasonably be met with mob violence. Southern abolitionists might have opposed these actions, but the vast majority of southerners supported them and that is why northern abolitionists (essentially the only ones left after 1840) were so hostile to the south. It's quite telling that all the examples he brings up were from before the Nat turner revolt
The North Carolina group also worked closely with the American Colonization Society that had been founded in 1817 in Washington, D. C., by Dr. Robert Finley just prior to his becoming president of the University of Georgia. The Society advocated the relocation of freed slaves to Liberia, a colony the Society had established in West Africa in 1822. Most anti-slavery groups in the South, as well as a number of slaveholders, supported the idea and cooperated with the Society. After the start of the Northern abolitionist movement in the 1830s, many of its members, as well as others like Abraham Lincoln, strongly urged the shipping of all blacks back to Africa and by 1860 about twelve thousand had been sent there.
I frequently see Marquardt and others bringing up the American colonization society like they were saints, but they were as important for killing southern abolitionist movements as the slave rebellions were. According to Gordon E. Finnie, the majority of southern abolitionists also believed that free blacks should be deported back to Africa. As the southern abolition movement began to lose steam throughout the early 1800’s, the colonial society began to absorb their membership. In Maryland, the Maryland anti-slavery society dissolved and most members joined of it’s members joined the American colonial society. The Colonization society received money from the Maryland state legislature to deport free blacks to Liberia, meaning that the abolitionist movement was co-opted to inflict suffering on the small minority of blacks who managed to be free. (Finnie, 1969)
I should also note, the colony was a huge failure and a significant portion of the freed slaves sent there died within a few years. Moreover, It was fiercely opposed by free blacks and abolitionists. (Morgan, 2020)
Argument three: They did it to themselves
This argument is by and far the most absurd of the claims made by Marquardt.
The matter of black slaveholders is also one that has generally been disregarded in the effort to place the onus of slavery exclusively on white Southern slave owners. In fact, one of the first actual slaveholders in America was a free black named Anthony Johnson. In the 1650s, Johnson was a tobacco farmer in Virginia who owned two hundred and fifty acres of land and had five indentured servants, four white and one black.
I might sound like I’m splitting hairs here, but I don’t think that the situation that existed in the 1650’s should be compared to slavery in the antebellum south. Anthony Johnson had a black indentured servant named John Casor who was sentenced by a court to be an indentured servant for life, (Virginia recognizes slavery, 1999) not at all like the 1800’s where slavery was a racialized system, codified into law. The John Casor situation was the beginning of a transition away from indentured servitude and towards racialized slavery that Johnson and his descendants would not be a controlling part of.
In the next century, the Pendarvis family of free blacks in Colleton County, South Carolina, owned one of the largest rice plantations in the State that was worked by over a hundred twenty black slaves.
The Pendarvis family were the illegitimate children of a white slave owner and is black mistress. On his death, he took the unusual and unprecedented step in legitimizing his children and giving them property including slaves. The decision was very controversial in South Carolina and the white branch of the family broke off and changed their names to Bedon and ceased all contact. The uproar that was caused is proof that the situation was unusual and vilified across the state. I should also note the Pendarvises were mixed race rather than black, a fact that probably made it easier for white southerners to accept. (de Valdes y Cocom, 1995)
Statistics show that by 1860, while both whites and free blacks in the South owned an average of one to five slaves, the number for black slaveholders in New Orleans was much higher. There, a third of the free blacks owned at least six slaves each, with some having more than sixty.
This argument relies on taking the square peg of American race relations and attempting to ram it into the round hole of Louisiana race relations. Although according to American tradition the slaveholders of Louisiana were considered black, Louisiana was originally a French colony. French law drew a distinction between black people and mixed race ‘colored’ people. The slaveholders Marquardt mentions did not consider themselves to be black and would have disagreed with his conclusions.
(Edit: Prior to the 1830's it was, in rare cases, possible for a slave to buy their freedom. After a slave bought their freedom, it was common for them to also buy the freedom of their friends/ family. After the Nat turner rebellion, restrictions were placed on freeing slaves. The numbers of black slaveholders outside of Louisiana can be explained by free black people buying their friends and family but being unable to legally free them, causing them to be counted as slaveowners during the census)
But all of these details obscure a critical flaw in Marquardt’s argument, Even if all of these cases were true (they aren’t) it still doesn't explain why slavery should be considered multi racial, there might be a few black slave owners but all of the slaves were black. If all of the people suffering are from one race, does the racial composition of the people who benefit really matter?
Reflections: Throughout my time reading this and other blogposts on the Abbeville institute, I increasingly find myself unable to understand the arguments made by the authors. It is not a matter of literacy, it is a matter of coherence; authors start their posts by making outrageous claims and then fail to back them up. The insane but coherent lectures of the past have been replaced with pages upon pages of authors simply making claims and assuming the reader will support them. The authors no longer even bother to cite their sources, all of their claims I had to research on my own. I do not know how large the readership of the institute is but I find it deeply troubling that so many articles could be pumped out and consumed with no questions asked. I can only come to the depressing conclusion that the Abbeville institute and other neo-confederate revisionists are getting worse as they trap themselves in their own media bubbles.
If you like (or dislike) what you see be sure to tell me about it! I’d like to write another one of these but I think that I should try a different topic. Any suggestions?
​
Abbeville institute information:
Author Biography
Original article
About Page
Bibliography:
de Valdes y Cocom, Mario. “The Blurred Lines of Famous Families”, PBS Frontline, 1995
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/secret/famous/pendarvis.html
Finnie, Gordon E. "The Antislavery Movement in the Upper South Before 1840." The Journal of Southern History 35, no. 3 (1969): 319-42. doi:10.2307/2205761.
O’Neil, Aaron. “Black and slave population in the United States 1790-1880”, statista, 2019 https://www.statista.com/statistics/1010169/black-and-slave-population-us-1790-1880/#:~:text=By%201860%2C%20the%20final%20census,in%20all%20of%20the%20US.
Robinston, Morgan. “The American Colonization Society”, The White House Historical Society, 2020 https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-american-colonization-society
“Virginia recognises slavery”, PBS, 1999 https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part1/1p262.html
submitted by Alias_McLastname to badhistory [link] [comments]

American Tribalism: How the Fringes Control Our Democracy

“Domestic divisions are the greatest threat to our national security.” -Susan Rice.
Note: My apologies if I at times engage in “both-sides-ism” in this post, it was meant for a more general audience than NeoLiberal and often times that is the best way to make a point about tribalism to mixed (and tribal) audience. Additionally, I am not highly familiar with Reddit formatting and as such some things might look peculiar. Thank you for reading.
Identity with a political tribe has taken supreme precedence over matters such as ideology. Blind allegiance is rewarded, not independence, thoughtful consideration, or compromise. Dissent has lost much of its political prestige, the respect, if begrudging, for those “profiles in courage” has largely evaporated. Courageous senators of a time not long past were once applauded for their courage, if not their action (Wayne Morse on the Gulf of Tonkin, James Buckley on Watergate, Charles Goodell on Vietnam, or Howard Baker on the Panama Canal)a When we do see courageous political dissent (e.g from John McCain on the Affordable Care Act or Joe Manchin on the nomination of Justice Kavanaugh), its emissaries are greeted with only contempt. The descent of politics into a conflict between groups held in near religious reverence by their followers is antithetical to democracy itself and seems to absolve its participants from the basic rigors of civility. Civil disagreement is trumped by a hatred reminiscent of that between Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland. From Jesse Helms, Newt Gingrich, or the “Tea Party” on the right to Bernie Sanders, Alexandria Ocasio Cortez, and the “Justice Democrats” of the left, polarization has grown steadily worse.
These partisan tribes develop norms that are then used as the standards for partisan to be conforming group members. As people identify with a group more strongly, they conform to these tribal norms to appear as “good” members of their tribe, and those who do not conform to the tribal norms are targeted by the extremists within the tribe through systems such as primaries. For instance, Republican Representative Bob Inglis of South Carolina lost a 2010 primary to Trey Gowdy by 40 points despite having a 93% rating from the American Conservative Union due to Inglis’s support of climate legislation, a post recession bailout, and his opposition to the 2007 troop surge in Iraq. Even dissent as minor as Representative Inglis’s can trigger a tribal reaction from the group. Georgia Senator Kelly Loeffler campaigns extensively on her voting record of siding with President Trump on 100% of votes, in my view it is a sad reflection on the state of our political process if an absolute lack of dissent is applauded by one’s supporters.
In 2016 researchers assembled 1,178 Washingtonians for a study on how partisanship affected their perception of a ballot measure that would institute a carbon tax. The group was divided evenly between Republicans and Democrats; those groups were further divided into a groups viewing Republican endorsements of the policy and Democratic opposition, and a group viewing Republican opposers to the policy and Democratic endorsers. While Republicans continually opposed the policy, they were much more prone to supporting it when told that famous Republicans such as George Shultz (An advisor to the Eisenhower Administration, Nixon’s Secretary of Labor and the Treasury, and finally Reagan’s Secretary of State) had endorsed the policy. This gap was only more pronounced among the well educated in these groups. Global warming is an existential threat to humanity itself, yet our views on it are largely informed due to partisan biases as opposed to scientific fact.
The Media’s Role:
The Soviet Union’s propaganda newspaper was entitled Pravda, Russian for truth, so too does Fox News’ motto of “Fair and Balanced” disguise propaganda and an impartiality taken seriously by few. Politics is not a sport, to create policy and build a united nation compromise is second only to the understanding of other’s beliefs. Media-be it from the right or left-portrays political happenings as a conflict between two teams, with a “win” being valued over the nation’s wellbeing, and, as the saying goes, perception often becomes reality. The facile portrayal of politics as a sport in news has led political discourse to increasingly adopt these characteristics. Media gains views through sensationalism and the portrayal of politics as a horse race, but in doing so it preys on our divisions and often provides a platform to those such as climate change deniers or other conspiracy theorists who normally would be shut from the arena of mainstream political belief. As Carlton University professor Jim Davies explains, “everything about the news—from the dramatic headlines to the riveting background music to the colors on the screen (lots of red, which experts agree is one of, if not the most, emotionally charged color)—is engineered to prey on our hardwired impulses to pay attention to what seems exciting and important. The manner in which the news is presented—be it on television or the social feeds on our phone—often triggers the release of dopamine, a powerful neurochemical that tags experiences as meaningful and makes us want to seek them over and over again.”
The national motto of the United States is “E Pluribus Unum” or “Out of Many, One”. Humans are naturally tribal creatures, but our founders understood that democracy requires us to embrace pluralism and unite our many tribes into one united nation. Social media is in diametric opposition to these principles, sorting us into tribal echo chambers by way of clandestine algorithms that dehumanize our opposition and do no more than confirm our biases. Social media has also opened the door to foreign interference in our elections and the inflammation of our tribal instincts by way of Russian, Chinese, or Iranian propaganda. Foreign disinformation now colors our view of our fellow Americans and of our democratic processes themselves. Anti-democratic actors such as Father Coughlinb harnessed the new technology of radio to fan the flames of fascism, but today we are faced with thousands of Fathers Coughlin spreading disinformation not in weekly radio broadcasts, but in a never-ending firehose of social media extremism that pushes our society deeper into division. Tom Wheeler of the Brooking’s Institution put it well; “digital technology is gnawing at the core of democracy by dividing us into tribes and devaluing truth.”
The Importance of Interaction:
I would argue that the best way to stymie hateful tribalism in the media is not to legislation, but often very minor actions taken by us. I would argue two primary actions should be taken; firstly, one should view media from across the political spectrum; secondly, one should engage in discussion with those you disagree with. As Zachary Wood explained in a “Ted Talk”, “tuning out opposing viewpoints doesn't make them go away, because millions of people agree with them. In order to understand the potential of society to progress forward, we need to understand the counterforces.” People increasingly do not interact with ideas they oppose, and in doing so they lose an understanding of those ideas and come to regard their opponents as what is known as “strawmen”, as Krysta Scripter explains “Especially when we hold a strong opinion, it's increasingly less likely that we're talking [..] with anyone who disagrees.” Interaction with those we disagree with also fosters intellectual humility, defined by the Journal of Positive Psychology as “the ability to have an accurate view of one’s intellectual strengths and limitations and the ability to negotiate ideas in a fair and inoffensive manner. “ It has been shown that this intellectual humility can not only improve one’s learning abilities, but their social skills as well.
The engagement with other’s ideas also reinforces the ideal of pluralism, which is often considering an underpinning of democracy. Pluralism, defined by Oxford as “a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist.”, allows for a democracy in which diverse ideas are expected to compete, if we cannot coexist with others, we cannot properly function as a democracy. For instance, Marwan Muasher, a Middle Eastern policy expert at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, argues that a lack of pluralism has been a defining factor in the destabilization of many areas in the Middle East. By interacting with others, we are learning for ourselves while helping support the foundations of democracy.
System of the Fringes:
The factors contributing to partisanship can be traced to the very roots of our electoral systems themselves. Closed partisan primaries, gerrymandering, and our first past the post voting system collaborate to enable a vocal minority of extremists to hold final sway over our electoral process. Only a small percentage of eligible voters even bother to vote in primaries, and these are commonly the most extreme of the electorate. As former U.S Representative Mickey Edwards(R-OK) notes, only 8% of the total Alabama electorate voted for far-right Judge Roy Moore over incumbent Senator Luther Stranged in the 2017 Republican special election primary, and Strange was by all means more popular among the general electorate than Moore, yet it was Moore who advanced to the general election. In Nebraska’s Second Congressional District progressive Democrat Kara Eastman lost to Republican Don Bacon by 4.8% even as Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden carried the district by nearly 6 points; Eastman’s moderate Democratic primary opponent Ann Ashford would have been very likely to win the seat. Candidates such as Moore or Eastman are able to win primaries, and thus advance to be one of two, or even the only, competitive candidate in a general election by appealing to small yet vocal aspects of the electorate. This issue goes all the way to the top; the mostly closed, low turnout 2016 Republican primary led to the rise of the unpopular Donald Trump. The Republican Party was moved into the position to facilitate the rise of Trump by its fringes controlling primaries for years beforehand. The bottom line is clear: primaries do not represent the electorate.
The second issue I would cite is gerrymandering, which is closely connected to the first. Gerrymandering, named for Vice President Elbridge Gerrye, is a practice in which legislatures draw legislative districts in such a way as to maximize the benefits of one political party; Gerrymandering has been a persistent issue throughout American history, but it has become more significant than ever as of late. Competitive elections are a cornerstone of democracy yet Gerrymandering reduces the value of elections while removing competition, allowing politicians to become increasingly radical without facing serious electoral hurdles. A study by Antoine Yoshinaka and Chad Murphy found that “members of the out-of-power party tended to have more drastic changes made to their districts as a way for the in-power party to insulate its members”. For instance, as the Brenna Center for Justices notes that gerrymandering in Maryland removed Republican Roscoe Bartlett in 2012. Maryland’s gerrymandering also means that (relatively) far left Representatives such as Kweisi Mfume and (relatively) far right Representative Andy Harris are both consistently re-elected by large margins; ideally both districts would overlap with more significant support for the other party and ensure competitive elections. Furthermore, if congressional districts were drawn to ensure and encourage competition, the congressional balance would be taken out of the hands of a small number of voters in swing districts. Some would argue that this would allow parties to seize supermajorities, I would disagree as in a congressional map drawn to be as competitive as possible it is unlikely that any party would be able to win all of the competitive seats, and if this were to happen the party would have to have moved to the center enough that it would represent the majority will.
Thirdly, our “first past the post” voting system is flawed. The system allows for phenomena such as “vote splitting” and allows candidates to win with small shares of the vote, as low as under 30% in some primaries or 35% in general elections. This system allows candidates to succeed with wedges of the public and disempowers third parties. For instance, in 1974 former U.S Representative Ray Blanton won the Democratic primary with 22.7% of the vote, Blanton would defeat Republican Lamar Alexander in the general election but his single term as Governor would be marred by scandal and RealClearPolitics would name him one of the “Ten Most Corrupt Politicians” in American history, in the final days of his governorship, he would infamously pardon two dozen convicted murderers and 28 others in exchange for money. More recently, Donald Trump won the 2016 Republican Primary while regularly winning under 40% of the vote due to his divided opposition.
Great political leaders of the past-LBJ, Sam Rayburn, Howard Baker, Bob Dolef-understood the importance of compromise, and only through that understanding were they able to achieve the legislative reforms they did, yet legislative leaders today stifle the legislative process and focus instead on their own interests, putting party above democracy. Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell(R-KY) has long been known as a master of legislative obstruction not seen since the days of James Allen, while Representative Justin Amash has said of Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s (and every Speaker he has experienced-this is not unique to her) tactics “We have not been allowed to offer amendments on the House floor in more than four years. In effect, every bill we vote on is take it or leave it.”. That being said, there are still those who value compromise, such as Senator Diane Feinstein(D-CA) or retiring Senator Lamar Alexander(R-TN), but our legislative leaders, enabled by primaries and our voting system, largely stymie attempts at compromise.
A Framework for Unity:
The majority of Americans are exhausted with partisan tribalism. Most Americans are not far right or far left, yet both sides maintain caricatures of one another, and an increasing number of Americans confine themselves to partisan-not necessarily ideological-echo chambers that fail to provide them with the support for pluralism and understanding of opposing views that is critical to democracy. I argue that three crucial electoral reforms should be instituted, a commission to end gerrymandering, a blanket primary, and ranked choice voting. States have consistently altered their primary systems since Robert La Follette popularized the idea in the early 1900s, one, Indiana, went farther. Indiana was a hotbed of the Klux Klan during the organization’s second wave and officials as influential as the state’s Governor were members of the terrorist group. Members of the Klan were significantly more likely to vote in primaries than any other group and could seize control of the political system due to their high turnout rates in these primaries, this led Indiana to largely do away with the primary system for local elections in 1928; they would not be restored until the mid 1970s. That being noted, I would not advocate for the abolition of primaries, instead I would argue for abolishing the partisan requirements tied to primaries. States such as Vermont allow one to choose whether to vote in the Republican or Democratic primaries in the state regardless of party affiliation, allowing independents and others into the fold and enabling the primary to be more representative.
That being said, some have gone farther and instituted the now largely forgotten “blanket primary”, which I would argue would be the best alternative. A blanket primary system allows voters to vote in any party’s primary for different offices, with the candidate with the best showing from each party advancing to the general election, : this system commonly produced consensus candidates. Washington and Alaska long maintained a “blanket primary” system, which contributed to both states being quite competitive, as liberal Republicans such as Daniel Evans won in the generally Democratic state of Washington. A blanket primary was adopted by California in the 1996, but the Supreme Court overruled decades of precedent in the 2001 decision California Democratic Party v. Jones and deemed the blanket primary unconstitutional. The reasoning in this decision, put forth by Justice Scalia in a 7-2 decisionh, was that parties can govern their own affairs; I would disagree and argue that this falls out of the scope of a “party affair” and would posit that it is an affair of the people and furthermore argue the decision was a violation of states’ rights. As Justice Stevens puts it in his dissent “A State's power to determine how its officials are to be elected is a quintessential attribute of sovereignty.”
Secondly how can gerrymandering be stymied, and how should we redraw the maps? I would suggest one of two solutions, either an algorithm or a nonpartisan committee to redistrict. I would argue congressional maps are best drawn in a manner that would ensure the highest number of competitive districts. FiveThirtyEight, a polling and analysis website ran by Nate Silver, recently released a series of 8 congressional maps gerrymandered in various ways, one of these is drawn to maximize competition. The maximized competition map includes 242 highly competitive districts, this ensures that one’s vote is likely to have a significant impact while ensuring that elections are not confined to several dozen congressional districts, practically disenfranchising large portions of the electorate. As David Daley of the electoral reform organization FairVote notes “If your goal is to reduce polarization, this system would reduce the oversized influence of partisan voters in low-turnout primaries, give moderate and independent voters more choices, and empower the broader electorate that turns out in November general elections”.
Finally, how we can reform our voting system itself. Several ideas have gained popularity, including approval voting (utilized in Bismarck, North Dakota), but by and large the most popular is ranked choice voting, Maine uses ranked choice voting in its elections, and Alaska recently approved a referendum to do so as well. Ranked choice voting would allow people to rank every candidate for an office in order of preference, candidates are eliminated in each round and their votes redistributed to their second choice until a candidate possesses a majority vote. The majority requirement ensures that candidates possess a true mandate for their policies: other effects of ranked choice voting include more moderate candidates as candidates are required to appeal to a larger segment of the electorate, less tribalism and a more civil political culture as candidates are competing for the second or third choice votes of those who may support another candidate as their first-choice vote, and the negation of the “spoiler effect”.
Opponents of ranked-choice voting make several arguments, well summarized in the Heritage Foundation piece “Ranked Choice Voting Is A Bad Choice” but the primary argument is the claim that in a ranked-choice system, one could vote for a candidate they greatly dislike, whom they ranked quite low. I would object vehemently to this argument. Firstly, one would never vote for the candidate they ranked last, and if one were not comfortable voting for multiple candidates they could leave them out of their rankings. Secondly, one will only vote for a candidate ranked low on their ballot if the election is down to that candidate and the candidate or candidates one has ranked lower. For example, if one were to have ranked every third-party presidential candidate above Joe Biden and Donald Trump in this election but still ranked Biden above Trump, their vote would have gone to their second least favored candidate, but only because the alternative was a candidate they favored even less. Our political system is in chaos, and technologies such as social media exacerbate these issues. Electoral reform and reforms to our manner of politics are, frankly, the only way we can escape this political quagmire for brighter pastures.
Footnotes:
a.. The four acts of “political courage” I reference here are as follows; Wayne Morse(D-OR) being one of two Senators to oppose the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; James Buckley(C-NY) being the first conservative Senator to call for the resignation of President Nixon; Appointed Senator Charles Goodell(R-NY) opposing the Vietnam War, an action which led to his defeat in the 1970 election, losing the support even of the Nixon White House; and Republican Senate Leader Howard Baker(R-TN) aiding President Carter with negotiations surrounding the Panama Canal, which may have cost him the 1980 Republican presidential nomination.
b. Father Charles Coughlin was a radio priest from the late 1930s and early 1940s infamous for his advocacy for, arguably, fascist policies and for sympathizing with the enemy during WWII, his weekly broadcasts attracted millions of listeners until he was removed from air early in WWII, although he continued to preside over his church until his death in the late 1970s.
c. The strawman fallacy is defined by Wikipedia as “a form of argument and an informal fallacy of having the impression of refuting an argument, whereas the proper idea of argument under discussion was not addressed or properly refuted.”
d. I would note that Senator Strange was an appointed incumbent, but an incumbent nonetheless, and one who had demonstrated relative popularity with the general electorate in the past in other races.
e. Gerry was Governor of Massachusetts at the time of the redistricting, and in fairness to him, he was reluctant to support the redistricting bill. The term “gerrymander” comes from a political cartoon soon after the bill was passed.
f. LBJ refers to Lyndon Baines Johnson, I refer more so to his work as Senate Majority Leader from 1953-1960 than to his work in the Presidency. Sam Rayburn, the longest serving Speaker of the House in American history, was LBJ’s counterpart from 1953-1960 and served as Speaker until his death in 1961, both Texans, Rayburn was a significant influence on LBJ and in some ways served as a father figure. Howard Baker served as Republican Senate Leader from 1977-`985, the last four of those years at Majority Leader. Bob Dole served as Baker’s successor, both were influential legislators who valued bipartisanship. Dole himself would cite his work for progressive 1972 Democratic Presidential nominee George McGovern to end hunger as the work he is most proud of.
g. James “Jim” Allen served as a Senator from Alabama from 1969-1977 and was an infamous master of senate rules. Allen’s behavior almost single handedly led to the lowering of the filibuster threshold from 67 votes to 60, I would recommend Walter Mondales’s account of the matter, which may be found in his memoir, “The Good Fight”.
h. Justices Ginsburg and Stevens dissented.
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Ehret, Phillip J., et al. “Partisan Barriers to Bipartisanship.” Social Psychological and Personality Science, vol. 9, no. 3, 2018, pp. 308–318., doi:10.1177/1948550618758709.
ACU Ratings of Congress: 111th Congress, Second Session (40th Edition). American Conservative Union, 2010. p. 32
Cillizza, Chris. “Analysis: This Republican Senator Is Taking Being pro-Trump to a Whole Other Level.” CNN, Cable News Network, 29 Oct. 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/10/29/politics/kelly-loeffler-donald-trump-georgia-senate-race/index.html.
Packer, George, et al. “A New Report Offers Insights Into Tribalism in the Age of Trump.” The New Yorker, www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/a-new-report-offers-insights-into-tribalism-in-the-age-of-trump.
Farrell, William E. “2 In Indiana Face Stiff Primary Tests.” New York Times, 4 May 1976.
Kraushaar, Josh (April 7, 2009). "Inglis faces fight from the right". Politico.com.
Edwards, Mickey, and Jason Davis. GovLove - A Podcast About Local Government - #187 The Parties vs. the People with Mickey Edwards, Former Congressman.
“Nebraska Election Results: Second Congressional District.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 3 Nov. 2020, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-nebraska-house-district-2.html.
“ NE District 02 - D Primary Race - May 12, 2020.” Our Campaigns , www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=873307.
“2018 United States House of Representatives Elections in Maryland.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 2 June 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maryland
Heaton, Andrew, et al. “America Had a Coup in 2010.” The Political Orphanage, 2020, politicalorphanage.libsyn.com/steroids-for-gerrymandering.
Wheeler, Tom. “Technology, Tribalism, and Truth.”
Brookings, Brookings, 7 Feb. 2020, www.brookings.edu/blog/techtank/2020/02/07/technology-tribalism-and-truth/.
Glynn, Anisha Singh and Nathaniel. “Mitch McConnell: A Legacy of Obstruction.” Center for American Progress, 15 July 2016, www.americanprogress.org/issues/courts/news/2016/07/14/141210/mitch-mcconnell-a-legacy-of-obstruction/.
Amash, Justin. “We Have Not Been Allowed to Offer Amendments on the House Floor in More than Four Years. In Effect, Every Bill We Vote on Is Take It or Leave It.This Is Not Legislating.” Twitter, Twitter, 14 Oct. 2020, twitter.com/justinamash/status/1316417188836839424.
Stulberg, Brad. “Step Away from the 24-Hour News Cycle.”
Outside Online, Outside Magazine, 1 Dec. 2018, www.outsideonline.com/2371546/break-your-digital-addiction.
Fish, Greg. “How The Media Fuels Hyper-Partisanship By Treating Politics Like A Sport.” Rantt Media, Rantt Media, 29 June 2018, rantt.com/how-the-media-fuels-hyper-partisanship-by-treating-politics-like-a-sport.
Wood, Zachary R. “Why It's Worth Listening to People You Disagree With.” Why It's Worth Listening to People You Disagree With, by Unknown Yet, www.dailygood.org/story/2180/why-it-s-worth-listening-to-people-you-disagree-with/.
Muasher, Marwan. “Pluralism Is Necessary for Democracy.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, carnegieendowment.org/2014/02/20/pluralism-is-necessary-for-democracy-pub-54609.
“History of the Blanket Primary in Washington.” Elections & Voting - WA Secretary of State, www.sos.wa.gov/elections/bp_history.aspx.
“California Democratic Party v. Jones.” Casebriefs, www.casebriefs.com/blog/law/constitutional-law/constitutional-law-keyed-to-cohen/protection-of-penumbral-first-amendment-rights/california-democratic-party-v-jones/.
Miller, Peter. “Maryland's Extreme Gerrymander.” Brennan Center for Justice, 7 Mar. 2019, www.brennancenter.org/our-work/research-reports/marylands-extreme-gerrymander.
Borger, Julian. “Susan Rice: 'Domestic Divisions Are the Greatest Threat to Our National Security'.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 23 Nov. 2019, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/nov/23/susan-rice-interview-trump-family-son.
Phillip Langsdon, Tennessee: A Political History (Franklin, Tenn.: Hillsboro Press, 2000), pp. 375-387.
Ten Most Corrupt Politicians, RealClearPolitics, 22 May 2012
“The Atlas Of Redistricting.” FiveThirtyEight, 25 Jan. 2018, projects.fivethirtyeight.com/redistricting-maps/.
Livni, Ephrat “Ranked choice voting and the quest to save democracy in the U.S’, Quartz, 31 July 2019
“Benefits of Ranked Choice Voting.” FairVote, www.fairvote.org/rcvbenefits.
von Spakovsky, Hans. “Ranked Choice Voting Is a Bad Choice.” The Heritage Foundation, 23 Aug. 2019, www.heritage.org/election-integrity/report/ranked-choice-voting-bad-choice.
submitted by Peacock-Shah to neoliberal [link] [comments]

The Armchair Historian's Account Of The Battle Of Tannenberg: Narratives & Historical Falsifications

In this post, I'm responding to the Armchair Historian's take on the battle of Tannenberg. While the account of the battle isn't too bad there are a hefty amount of falsehoods about the battle perpetuated by the scriptwriter about the battle and the situation of the Russian army that needs to be addressed.

The Russian Railway System & Mobilisation:

Russia's vast and rugged terrain, insufficient industrial capacity and lack of infrastructure would severlely hamper it's ability to mobilise: Russia's sorry excuse for a railway system made it's railway car's completely incompatible with Germany's
1914 Russia certainly had rugged terrain, insufficient infrastructure, and industry but it's pretty doubtful that Russia's initial mobilization was severely harmed. The Russian Army did reach it's mobilization goals on time and achieve a frontline strength of over 1.63 million (1.25M in the Galician Theatre and 380K on East Prussia) [1]. The fact that the commanders of the 8th army had to defeat a whole army group via a classic defeat in detail is evidence enough to prove that slow mobilization was not a decisive factor.
Furthermore, Griffin isn't wrong about the Russian rolling stock and railway cars being incompatible with German railway infrastructure it is extremely dishonest to call the contemporary Russian railway system "a sorry excuse"; Russia had a pretty large and expansive (although thinly spread) railway system measuring in at over 60,000 km; There was also a hefty amount of traffic that was processed by the Russian railway system. Comparative statistics will be shown below.
Length of Active Railway Line 1914 (km):
U.K France Russia Italy Romania Serbia Germ-any Austria-Hungary Bulgari a Turkey
32,623 37,400 62,300 19,125 3,588 1,598 61,749 22,981 2,124 6,250
Annual Traffic 1913-1917 (millions of metric tonnes):
Year U.K France Russi-a Italy Romania Serbia Germ-any Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Turkey
1913 570.5 136 132 41.4 N/A N/A 676.6 160.5 1.9 N/A
1914 N/A 88.2 123 37.7 5.6 N/A 528.9 N/A 2.5 N/A
1915 N/A 71.5 126 38.3 5.9 N/A 367.6 67.9 2.0 N/A
1916 N/A 79.7 147 40.5 6.5 N/A 415.6 74.8 2.8 N/A
1917 N/A 83.7 115 38.6 6 N/A N/A 74.5 3.5 N/A
[2]
Furthermore, railroad development was of extreme priority for the Russian state as demonstrated by these stats.
Expenditure on Railway Construction: (In Millions of rubles).
Expenditure on the construction of new lines Expenditure on Improving existing track Total Expenditure
1905 73 82 155
1906 41 71 112
1907 49 75 124
1908 60 74 134
1909 60 71 131
1910 63 65 128
1911 96 68 164
1912 111 66 177
1913 133 87 220
1914 93 95 188
[3]
Expenditure on railroads was only surpassed by military expenditure and credits for developing industry.
[4][5]

The Narrative About Telegrams:

In Addition, Russian Communication Lines Were Extremely Vulnerable To Interception; The Germans cracked the Russian's coded radio messages shortly after the outbreak of the conflict and even though the Russians caught on and devloped a new code; it proved difficult to provide each commander with a new codebook; Thus the Russians resorted to desperately broadcasting their messages on the radio without implementing the new code; hoping that the Germans would somehow miss them.
Now... This is a statement that isn't necessarily wrong however I included this quote in the post for a reason. The reason why so much important military information was sent en clair was that it was pretty much the best of all the bad options available for the HQs of 1st and 2nd army, this was a scenario that many armies in the early war found themselves in not just the Russian army as David R Stone Elaborates.
Much was made in retrospect of poor Russian radio security, that the Russians stupidly broadcast en clair (i.e without encrypting their messages) and thus handed the details of their operations to the Germans. Certainly, it is true that First and Second Armies moved away from their railheads into the Lakes & Woods of East Prussia, messengers became increasingly unhelpful. The Russians could not string Telephones laterally, as they were constantly moving forward. Any telephone connection would thus have to run backward from the advancing corps and army headquarters through trackless terrain, but the Second Army possesed only 350 miles of wire. Since division commands lacked radios, corps headquarters used their scarce wire to maintain those connections, forcing the use of radio for communications between corps with Samsonov at Second Army headquarters. The Chaos (not slowness) of mobilizationmeant that ciphers and keys were poorly distribute. Combined with the pressure of the time and the delays imposed by ciphering and deciphering, sending messages en clair was a natural expedient. As John Ferris has remarked "before 1914, no European army came fully to terms with the cryptological consequences of the radio age, because none of them expected wireless to be used routinely in war" Furthermore, armies defending their home soil had the luxury of using existing land networks; it was only armies crossing into foreign terriories that had to rely on messengers and radio. The same German Army that benefitted from Russian messagers en clair in East Prussia sent at least fifty mesaages en clair to be intercepted by the British and French on the Western Front in the fall of 1914. The Russians thus were at fault for broadcasting without codes or ciphers, but it was a fault they shared with other armies and a fault dictated by objective circumstances.
[6]

The Falsification of Germany's knowledge about Russian mobilization:

What the Germans did miss was the Tsar's covert order to begin partial mobilization three days before the outbreak of the war
Nope, the Germans did not miss it. They had discovered that the Russians implemented a procedure of partial mobilization on the 30th of July shortly after official general mobilization and responded accordingly by sending an ultimatum to Russia. [7] Furthermore, the covert order for partial mobilization wasn't really an order but actually a compromise between his personal views and the views of Russian foreign policy and military experts who were expecting general mobilization.
Stone elaborates:
Nicholas, though a decent man and devoted to his family and his sense of duty, has a well-earned reputation for fecklessness. His actions here (calling for partial mobilization as opposed to general mobilization) demonstrate his profound lack of understanding of international politics. Purely on technical grounds, Russia's mobilization experts were aghast at the thought of partial mobilization. Russia only had one plan for mobilization. Anything less would hopelessly leave Russia helpless in the event of a war with Germany [...] On 30 July, Nicholas was subjected to sustained arguments from foreign minister Sazonov, War Minister Vladimir Sukohomlinov, and Chief of Staff Nikolai Yanushkevich, all of whom agreed he had no choice but to proceed to full mobilization. By that afternoon, Nicholas was finally convinced and agreed. Orders to begin mobilization the next day went out immediately; Sazonov joked that Yanushkevich should destroy his telephone to prevent the Tsar from changing his mind.
[8]
As the Russian First Army [...] and the Russian Second Army [...] marched towards Konigsberg [...] the Germans realized that they would have to contend with the Russian Menace far sooner than they had expected to.
Nope. Patently false, the Germans already knew that their designs on continental European hegemony were at risk due to how the Russians were ahead of schedule (which I have already proven), they wouldn't have declared war on Belgium, France, and Russia first if the case wasn't as such.

The True Disposition of the German 8th Army:

The Russian Armies in the region totaled some 500,000 men whereas the German 8th army [...] numbered some 200,000 men. Things looked Grim for the Germans until a cunning strategy was devised to prevent the Russians from taking Konigsberg [...]. The Germans could divide and conquer; taking on one army at a time without being encircled: Hindenburg decided to focus most of his attention on the advancing Second Army [...] He sent a sizeable detatchment southward under command of Herman von Francois to face them, a smaller force was sent in the direction of the First army to deter the possibility of ending the resupply process early and interupting the attack on Samsanov's troops.
First off I'll dispute the headcount offered by the script, the number of Russian soldiers is exaggerated, the frontline strength of the Russian armies in East Prussia was only 380,000 [1]. I'd assume that the 500,000 number comes from the ration strength (ie including reserves and other 2nd or 3rd line troops not engaged). At most the Russians could expect an advantage slightly less than 3:2, nowhere near the 5:2 advantage suggested [9]
Second of all, a divide and conquer strategy wasn't new by any stretch of the word; Von Prittwitz' original plan to defend East Prussia was quite similar albeit with the main weight of the 8th army being in the East facing Rennenkampf as opposed to being in the South facing Samsonov as Stone elaborates.
Prittwitz's basic plan, despite later cracking under Pressure, was essentially sound. He understood that his only hope was an active defense. Passively waiting meant disaster; only offensive action could bring success. He accordingly left his XX Corps to defend East Prussia's southern frontier alone against Samsonov's second army, concentrating the rest of his troops in the east against Rennenkampf
[10]
It is also pretty misleading to imply that it was just a "sizeable detachment" that was sent to face Samsonov, pretty much the whole weight of the 8th army was sent southward with only a few cavalry screens remaining in the East as this map demonstrates. Furthermore, Francois was just the commander of I Corps was Otto Von Below and the Commander of XVII corps was August Von Mackensen.
Here is a map of the situation in August 1914: [11]

On the Russian Army & The Falsification that is Rennenkampf and Samsanov's toxic rivalry:

The German Military Clung to an aristocratic tradition that bred disciplined world-class comannders who often had combat experience: Russian officers by contrast were the subject of ridicule aimed at a percieved lack of logistical & organizational ability. Based on the terrible communication & lack of reconaissance in the battle it was a deserved one. The Russian military also had an aristrocratic tradition but it did not produce the same effects. [...] To make matters worse, Samsanov and Von Rennenkampf [...] were unable to effectively work together because the two absolutely despised one another [...]. This feud was well known and did not escape the ears of Max Hoffman staff officer of the 8th German arny; Hoffman had served in the Russo-Japanese War as an observer and knew full well of the extent of the Russian generals hatred for one another. Across the Board Germany had distinct advantages over the Russians with the only exception being sheer manpower and a seemingly infinite supply of Vodka. Another advantage the Russians had over the Germans was more cavalry! But we all know what happened with Cavalry in WW1.
I've already demonstrated why being a hindsight warrior about en clair messages is stupid so I'll stick to the point about reconnaissance: I actually agree with the script here however it fails to explain why the case is as such; The reason why reconnaissance was terrible was that neither Rennenkampf nor Samsonov used the resources they had at hand to optimally command ie their advantage in airpower that could have been harnessed to improve reconnaissance. But again this is only a major failing with the benefit of hindsight.
Moving on the script claims that the Russian Military had an aristocratic tradition in regards to military training for officers; this again is pretty markedly false. In the aftermath of the Russo-Japanese war War minister Kuropatkin's reforms began to take effect and drastically changed the composition of the Russian officer corps to the point where most Russian officers serving by 1914 weren't noble at all, Hell by 1911 noblemen had ceased to be the majority of infantry officers [12]. The Russian Military was probably the biggest vector for social mobility in Russian society at the time despite often being biased in favor of noblemen.
Norman Stone on the Russian Military:
The Russian army was not like western European armies at the time, largely dominated by upper class figures. Russia was a poor country without a plethora of jobs in the economy that attracted the socially-mobile in more advanced countries. As in the hispanic world the church and the army offered roads for social advancement that were not so much needed in other countries: The army was a vehicle for social mobility, and not, as in Germany, a refuge from it
[13]
Wildmann on the Kuropatkin Reforms & The Social Strata of the RIA
Socially, the most significant innovation of the Kuropatkin years was the promotion of the junker schools to full parity in instruction and standards with the professional military schools. Not only did this measure enhance military efficiency, but it also accelerated the advance of nonnobles into officer ranks and, as Peter Kenez has admirably demonstrated, fundamentally altered the caste character of the higher military leadership in the last two decades before the Revolution.30 The Moscow and Kiev junker schools had already taken this step in 1888 and 1893, respectively, and the rewards had been so great in terms of attracting educated middle-class youth to military careers that it overcame class predilections, Professional soldiers of lower-class background and inferior education found it all the harder to enter the junker schools on a competitive basis, but those who succeeded were the most highly motivated professionally.31 In addition to improvements in salary and service conditions, this reform went a long way toward converting the junior-grade officer corps from a semieducated, impoverished caste into a reasonably homogenous professional elite.
[...]
The military had long since ceased to be the private preserve of the landholding nobility. Of 266 generals for whom data are available for the year 1903, 96 percent were classified as “hereditary nobility,” but only 10 percent (27) possessed inherited estates, and another 5 percent (13) had acquired property through purchase, marriage, or imperial favor. In other words, 85 percent of the 266 generals were not property owners at all. A similar breakdown for major generals of the general staff reveals that 91 percent possessed no land or property, not even an urban dwelling. These surprising statistics confirm the extent to which professionalization based on education had become universal in the half century since the reform era.
[14]
Third of all Samsonov and Rennenkampf's alleged hatred is a total fabrication, The Feud was not so well known that it was caught by the Ears of Max Hoffman, the source for the rumors about Rennekampf and Samsonov's relationship WAS Hoffman apart from that there is "little to no evidence to substantiate the story". [15] The geographic barrier that was the Masurian Lakes and the poor reconnaissance and lack of communication are more than enough to explain the Russian defeat.
Fourth and finally the remarks on Vodka, Manpower, and Cavalry are just bullshit.
  1. The Russian Military did not have sheer manpower as an advantage on the tactical level at Tannenberg, there's a reason why it's called a defeat in detail.
  2. The Russian Army did not have an "infinite supply of Vodka", this is just an old stereotype about Russians being drunkards when in actuality wartime Russia underwent strict prohibition with the closing of all state breweries and the ban of sales of Vodka upon mobilization.Tsar Nicholas II placed a ban on vodka sales in July 1914, when men were mobilized on the eve of World War I.According to Herlihy Russian Prohibition was strict and relatively effective
Once hostilities began, Prohibition was declared for the duration of the war and later extended indefinitely. Four months after the tsar’s ban, American George Kennan, an explorer and student of Russian history wrote, “Never before, perhaps, in the history of mankind has the prohibition of intoxicating liquor been so complete and effective as it has been in Russia since the outbreak of war, and never before, certainly, has the world had such an opportunity to see what results total abstinence may bring about”
[16]
  1. I won't explain why Cavalry should not be discounted in the context of the first world war and why the popular narrative is bullshit. Instead, I'll link two posts that explain why Cavalry in the first world war should not be discounted.

On The Idea That The Russian Army "Never Really Recovered"

In the conclusion, the script makes this claim and I quote:
The Russian army never really recovered from this defeat and the situation only worsened for the Tsar from then on.
This is a very bold claim, while you might be able to argue that the battle of Tannenberg was an opportunity for victory against the Germans that the Russians would never get again (I would disagree because they did have an opportunity to hammer the Germans at Lodz) it's extremely dishonest to say the Russian army "never recovered". The fighting in East Prussia was a sideshow and the Russians were still able to put up a good fight against the Central Powers on the Eastern front up until the spring of 1915.
​

Bibliography:

Citations:

  1. Ellis & Cox p 248
  2. Ibid p 286.
  3. Gattrel (1986) p 174.
  4. Malik pp 123-124.
  5. Gattrel (1994) p 255.
  6. Stone (2015) pp 71-72.
  7. Hartwig p 24.
  8. Stone (2015) p 30.
  9. Ibid p 60.
  10. Ibid p 62.
  11. Ibid p 70.
  12. Wildman p 23.
  13. Stone (1970) p 21.
  14. Wildman p 24.
  15. Stone (2015) p 61.
  16. Herlihy p 194.
submitted by HipsterFortress to badhistory [link] [comments]

Recap of everything confirmed so far and some theories about Darktide

Hello, OneTrueSkeleton here. As you guys may (or may not) be aware, various bits of information has been dropped over the last few weeks. Between their website, 2 trailers and some other bits me and the peeps over at the Darktide discord have tried to throw together all the information we can from all the sources. Bellow is a compiled list from u/Zherlum, who took everything and threw it onto the Steam forums for us
In short before anything is said I'll use 3 distinct keywords :
I'll separate everything so people can easily search what they want.
HER' WE GO !
I)The story
[Confirmed] The game is set during the Indomitus crusade, which means Cadia is gone, the Cicatrix Maledictum is here, Roboute Gulliman is back and the Plague Wars are happening. Fatshark wants the game to be aligned with what's currently happening in the 40k setting.
[Confirmed] The game takes place on the planet Atoma Prime, in the hive-city of Tertium, ruled by the Moebian government. Said government is having a rebellion issue within the hive and has deployed the Astra Militarum regiment Moebian 6th to quell the rebellion, what they did not expect is the regiment turning traitor and joining the forces of Chaos. The traitor guardsmen are now attempting to seize power and it is our job to solve this.
II)The playable characters
https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/786208719200583710/787315421149134878/chrome_2020-12-10_13-43-19.png?width=400&height=209
[Confirmed] The 4 guardsmen of the teaser died during their scouting mission, they will not be the playable characters that were shown in the gameplay trailer. [Theory] Since there was a white line instead of the regiment number on their armor on their shoulder, we can theorize that those were conscripts, sent to scout and report to the inquisitor about the rebellion happening in the hive. This would also explain why one of them was using a plasma rifle, a weapon that is commonly used by the guard but mostly by experienced soldiers. The plasma rifle being able to dispatch most opponents even bigger ones, which would increase the survival rate of the scouts, but in that case, that didn't seem to help them since they are dead.
[Confirmed] There will not be any Space Marines in this game, Fatshark wants Darktide to be a game where you play low power characters that must work together to survive the odds.
https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/786208719200583710/787316774240387112/chrome_2020-12-10_13-39-49.png
[Theory] Since Fatshark wants to keep the characters at a low power level, tech-Priests and Sisters of Battle are likely things we won't see because those characters tend to be far better equipped or powerful than an average guardsman. Between the SoB power armor and Engiseers wearing power armor aswell and robotics giving them far more endurance and strenght than a normal human ...
[Official] Fatshark hasn't confirmed that there will only be 4 characters, so we may see 5 or more characters appear.
[Confirmed] The 4 characters we will play that were shown are :
All of these characters have been confirmed to have a character depth similar to those of Vermintide so expect them to have a good amount of personnality and banter between them.
III)Character customization
[Confirmed] Fatshark has said in their interview with PCGamer that people should not expect the character system to be similar to Vermintide.
[Theory] So what we thought is that we may not see each character having different carreers like they did in Vermintide. Fatshark has said that the carreer system was more of a crutch, allowing the players to have different flavours of a same character and different playstyles without needing to create new characters, which is time consuming and hard.
With customization being something Fatshark wants to give us and teamwork to be vital, what we expect is that each character is his own carreer and will have access to his own loadout that you can change depending of the mission you'll do (something that will make more sense later trust me) :
[Confirmed] So far, the weapons confirmed are :
https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/786208719200583710/803715493315084338/unknown.png?width=138&height=463
IV)Our enemies :
https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/786208719200583710/787315244148981770/chrome_2020-12-10_14-06-08.png?width=259&height=300
[Confirmed] Like aforementionned, we will be facing :
[Official] Fatshark has stated in the IGN article that since Chaos is such a broad choice, they can use a lot of enemies to throw at our faces such as traitor marines, chaos spanws, daemons and much more.
[Theory] Nurglings and Deathguard space marines sounds like they would be part of the game since they both encompass very well Nurgle in general. Of course don't expect us to kill Death Guard by the dozen, we are afterall but normal humans and a abhuman but maybe as a boss ....
[Theory] After seeing the enemies we will be facing and how similar our cast is to theirs, the similar equipment and how we are convicts, our characters could very well be members of the Moebian 6th that chose to remain loyal to the Emperor.
V)The city of Tertium
https://media.discordapp.net/attachments/786208719200583710/787315305722281984/chrome_2020-12-10_14-09-47.jpg?width=400&height=185
[Confirmed] Fatshark has confirmed in the PCGamer article that they will try to make each playthrought of an area different, we will also be playing in more open maps with more verticality with elements that could be possibly randomly generated and shuffled.
Things we can expect :
VI) Bibliography
If you're looking for our sources for everything with the [Confirmed] keyword, you'll be able to find this in :
VII) Conclusion :
Well that was quite the essay, thank you for reading all of this.
If you have more questions or things you don't agree with, we would be more than happy to discuss in the official Darktide Discord server !
I'll update this as and when new information drops
Edit 1: For anyone looking to play the game on console, Fatshark has just covered it briefly in this article here. Looks like Xbox only at launch, other then that just some minor details on Xbox Series X hopefully not chocking on the game. https://gamingbolt.com/warhammer-40000-darktide-interview-combat-next-gen-xbox-exclusivity-and-more
submitted by NinjaOfNerds to DarkTide [link] [comments]

Navy-isms Part 2

BLUF: ALCON, IT WOULD BEHOOVE YOU TO READ THIS

 
To piggyback off my last post, I took a round turn on the Navy jargon with all the gouge provided. Thanks to all who participated in the first round. I also learned that apparently almost everyone in /navy is a damn bubblehead.
 
There were a lot of moving parts, and this project was like drinking out of a fire hose. But once I doubled down and got to making the sausage, I learned that similar efforts have been made from enterprising sailors since at least the 1780s, and probably even before that. It seems our efforts continue a hallowed tradition. During my research, I skimmed current initiatives and many of those in the past. I included a bibliography of my resources in addition to using the definitions provided by the commenters who were kind enough to provide them, but all definitions are by no means definitive. Please correct my incorrect terms as well as supply them for the ones I have labeled "Need definition." You are also welcome to provide new Navy-isms (with definitions please!) Even though this has been done before, not all of the lists are up-to-date or cover all the terms listed below, and our modern subreddit is a great way to crowd source this project.
 
I hereby submit this list and call upon the great mods of navy to allow the results of OUR collective sweat equity to dwell in the sidebar for future sailors reference. It can be a living document for all that have served, are currently serving, and those that will join long after we've all gotten the fuck out.
 
Fair winds and following seas, shipmates...
 
 
DEFINITIONS AS OF 22 JAN 2021 Definitions
1 man ballast party Extremely fat shipmate
24WWGHE “24 weeks wasted. Go home, Ensign!”
45/45 45 days restriction, 45 days busted down in rank
6 and 6 Full workday = working from midnight to 6 pm
72 3 day weekend
96 4 day weekend
99 Everyone; see ALCON
ACK Acknowledge; typically used in chat
A-gang Auxiliary division of Engineering department
Airframer Someone who works on or with the planes/helos
ALCON All concerned
All conditions normal A report made from a watch stander declaring there’s nothing wrong, or at least you’ll just have to take their word for it
All elbows and assholes Everyone
A lot of moving parts There’s a lot of stuff happening at the same time (implication is to not fuck it up)
Angle-irons A construction material consisting of pieces of steel with an L-shaped cross-section, able to be bolted together.
As Fragged As planned
Ass hat An idiot
ATFQ Answer the Fucking Question (or Full Question if someone in authority asks
AUX Tank Auxiliary tank
Bagged nasty Disgusting bags lunches
Bag the watch Relieve some late or screw them somehow.
BallGazer The taunting moniker given to one who has recently gazed upon balls, usually when the owner of the balls displays his thumb and index finger forming a circle over the balls.
Balls Midnight (0000 looks like balls)
Balls to X watch Midnight to x watch
Battle Buddy Person you stay with; often appointed or mandated
Battle rhythm Daily routine
Beat a dead horse Drive the point home
Beef Stroke-me-off Beef stroganoff
Been in since breakfast /newtothenavy
Behoove It is in your best interest of not getting yelled at
Belay my last Said over the net, especially 1MC when you fuck up an announcement
Belt-fed cock: A shitty situation that just keeps going
Beno-be Need definition
Bent shit can As a replacement for someone incapable
Binder warfare Coming to the realization that your main job in the navy is building and maintaining binders and admin; see CYA
Birds Aircraft, usually helicopters
Blue falcon Buddy fucker / throwing someone under the bus
Blue nose Sailor that has crossed the Arctic Circle and participated in ceremony
BLUF Basic line up front; usually at the top of emails, often is not basic
Boat Boo A sailor’s girlfriend or boyfriend aboard ship, usually during deployment, and often an arranged affair between two married sailors.
Boat chucks Need definition
Boat hot/ Ship 9/ Deployment 8, etc Rating attractiveness with a caveat
Boats A term usually given to the senior Boatswain Mate on ship
BOHICA Bend Over, Here It Comes Again
Boondockers A boot you wear on ship
Boot/Booters New to the Navy
Boots on the ground People out there doing things
Bremerlo A certain female dwelling in vicinity of Bremerton; see Grotopotmous
Brick Old fashioned communications device
Broom Closet Where you store all the cleaning supplies, usually small.
Brownies Brown short shorts
Bubblehead Submariner
Bug Juice Sugary kool-aid type drink served in mess
Bull Senior Ensign in Wardroom
Bunkie Monkey Need definition
Burn a flick Watch a movie
Burning holes in the sky Wasting gas flying around
Bust me on the surface “Sir, i am disregarding your stupid orders for crew/my safety and when we survive despite your efforts you can take me to mast.”
Butter bar Ensign
Butt shark Brown noser, suck-up
Cage Keep under wraps, or decrease visibility of something; “We have to cage expectations”
Can’t swing a dead cat without hitting x There is a lot of something and it’s pretty easy to find
Capture it in a slide Stop talking or writing and put it in a powerpoint slide so we can "understand" it or at least make it look like we are doing something.
Checks with charted water Need definition
Check valve A shipmate who makes a food or drink run and doesn't ask anyone else if they want anything. This is especially true if they're getting a delivery order and it would have been easy to just order more food. Fucking check valve.
Cheese dicking In a sentence: “If you’re cheese dicking it stop, get help from someone who knows"
Chicken wheels Chicken-like substance served on mess deck
Chief of the Broach Chief of the watch controls ballast and trim when at sea, a poor or inexperienced one will cause us to Broach when approaching the surface for comms or something, so he is known as Chief of the Broach.
Chit A form usually submitted up through the chain of command allowing you to do something
Chocks out Ready to go; see pull/pulling chocks
Cinderella Liberty Liberty expires as midnight
CIP / cip Come in please
Civvies Civilian clothes
Clamp down Tighten or get ahold of typically an out of hand situation
Cleaning party Group put together to clean something
Clear as mud? “Is it clear?” Usually said after confusing explanation but implying that there should not be any more questions and that you should just shut up and go do what you’re told
Clear your Baffles Also Sweep your baffles: Term used to describe the turning of the sub to allow sonar to look at the area behind boat that would be shielded by the sub itself. We would normally give nubs on the boat a broom and ask them to sweep the baffles.
COB Chief of the Boat, aka CMC
COBRA Chief of the Boat, Reactor Aft. Senior enlisted Nuke on a sub, aka EDMC
Cock and cake “They’re serving cock and cake on the mess decks and are fresh out of cake”
Cock holster Mouth
Code Brown Need definition
Coner (Submarine Service) A submarine crewman who is not part of the engineering department (slang for Nuke below), especially Torpedomen
Cover down Fill in; we need someone to cover down since SN Timmy has COVID
Cowlings The removable cover of a vehicle or aircraft engine.
Crayon eaters Marines
Crocodile closest to the canoe The most relevant near-term problem related to a situation
Crutch gear Need definition
Cupcaking To flirt with or get together with someone else at the command
CYA Cover your ass
Dan Dinq Ass Nub. Someone who is not qualified. Dept. Skittle is a disparaging term for anyone who wears a flight deck jersey.
Death Pillows Ravioli
Deckplate leadership Talking to sailors, making oneself be seen; typically Chiefs brag about it
Deep Six Get rid of something
Dependa A dependent, typically implying a lazy, overweight spouse who does not work
Dick broom Mustache
Dick skinners Hands
Diggit As in that diggit is at it again, doing preemptive maintenance. Or a diggit tool being a multi tool.
DINQ (Pronounced "Dink") Acronym for Delinquent In Qualifications. Ex: "That shitbird is dinq on ship's quals!"
Dirtbag A lazy and almost useless sailor. Produces substandard work-usually creating extra work for his shipmates. Accompanied by a bad attitude and desire to leave service ASAP.
Divers working aloft Something ridiculous happening
Divisional / Wardroom gentleman At the end of someone’s tour when they start shedding duties like a snake shedding its skin and begins to no longer have a job at the command
Dog and pony show All of the ridiculous things a command usually does to impress a visiting dignitary or put on some ceremony
Doghouse In trouble
Donkey Dick Term used for many nozzle shaped implements
Don’t give up the ship Phrase said by John Paul Jones, to not give up the ship
DOTM Destroyer of all things mechanical
Double down Work harder at a task; usually implying there is a time crunch
Double headed dragon Whenever you get so fucked up you throw up on your dick while your taking a shit
Drinking out of a fire hose Lots of information presented, usually via PowerPoint by unenthusiastic school
Drive-by Un-announced check in from leadership; usually with negative or frustrating timing and/or consequences.
Drop your cocks and grab your socks Get ready to do something
Dunnage Anything used in the shipping industry to brace and protect the freight being transported. Dunnage includes, but is not limited to, empty cardboard boxes, inflated shipping pillows, lengths of wood, pallets, styrofoam, bubble wrap, etc.
Duty Head Roll the Dice Returning from liberty in a foreign port)
Easy day Some task will be simple to carry out
ECF Error Carried Forward
Every swinging dick Every person
Fan room counseling Counseling in a hidden place, implying that there was some physical aspect to rectify a sailor who has been bad
FCF Need definition
FIGMO Fuck it, got my orders
Fish Submarine warfare insignia / Also a torpedo
Fishbowling To put alcohol into a fishbowl, color it with food coloring, and drink it with bendy straws
FOD God Foreign object damage god
Food for freedom Getting kicked out for being out of body standards
Food run Go off the ship or command to grab food for yourself or a group, sometimes the duty section
Force Multiplier Be the person that
Four Meal Fatty fr when we did 18 hr days)
Fried fish shoes Need definition
Fru-fru coffee Nice coffee; some of that gourmet shit
FUBAR Fucked up beyond all recognition
FUBIJAR Fuck U buddy I’m just a reservist.
Fuck A word that can be used as a noun, verb, adjective, adverb, and pronoun, often simultaneously. Indeed it can be its own sentence to a properly motivated sailor.
Fucked up as a football bat You don’t use a bat for football, so that means something or someone is fucked up AND useless
Fuck fuck games Stupid games that are not contributing to getting the job done so you can go home
Fucktard An idiot
Full speed ahead Did something without thinking; throwing caution to the wind
FYSA For your situational awareness
GA Go ahead ; used in short hand in chat
Gaggle/gigglefuck Unformed group going from place to place Struggle Snuggle-sleeping where you can between endless drill sets, usually in a pile.
Galley Cafeteria
Gear adrift Loose or unsecured gear or equipment. Also a less-than-flattering assessment of a sailor "Seaman Jones is gear adrift!"
Geedunk Candy, snacks, or a place that sells either
Get Hot To do hard work or exercise.
Get your knee pads ready You messed up or did something stupid, prepare to have to do ridiculous things to get out the bind you are in.
Goat locker Lounge or galley for the exclusive use of Chiefs
Goat Locker Working Party A group working that's not actually achieving anything
Go Fasters Tennis or running shoes meant for working out
Go get me a BT punch Need definition
Going sad Claiming or actually having depression or suicidal ideation and thereby leaving duty station
Gonna be a bad day If you do something stupid “It’s gonna be a bad day for everyone.”
Good deal Falling down those stairs will hurt but you might break your leg and skip a deployment, that's a good deal
Good idea fairy Those wonderful folks filled with ideas, creating work for the rest of us
Good to go Ready
Go to GQ Go to general quarters; all hands on deck
Greenies Little green shorts
Greenside Marine corps
Grey space Period of time between evolutions where nothing is planned
Gronk it Down Need definition
Grotopotamus The rather large ladies that graze around the Groton, CT area. Similar to a Bremerloe
Guacaflauge Term fo the current Green Type III Camouflage uniforms
Gundeck /Gundecking To fudge maintenance or qualifications
Hamster Chicken Cordon Bleu - A baked breaded piece of chicken with ham and cheese in the middle
Hardpack The coveted ice cream that is scooped out of its container, I.e. not soft serve
Hatch Door on ship
Haze gray and underway Navy ship going out to sea
Head Restroom
Heave out and trice up Wake up
Helmet fire When a pilot becomes so task saturated in the cockpit that he loses the big picture and situational awareness (SA). Often leads to mistakes that can produce lethal results.
Hhotter than two squirrels fuckin in a wool sock! It is very hot outside
High and to the right Over-react
High Speed High performing
High speed low drag High performing and efficient
Hinge O-4 / LCDR
Hip pocket class Need definition
Hit the deckplates Walking around and getting to know sailors; preached by chiefs mess
Hollywood shower Long shower
Hookin and jabbin Fighting
HOOYAH Navy’s take on Oorah / Hoo-ah;
Horizontal time machine Bed / rack
Hot-ass - (noun for anything and everything) Some (noun) is great
Hot racking Multiple people sharing
Hot Runner When you're two weeks ahead on your quals
However comma A phrase said by uncreative leaders attempting to emphasize a point while addressing a crowd of disinterested sailors
Hurry up and wait A cross-service saying poking fun at the fact that we are always rushing to then commence a long period of waiting before beginning any evolution
Hydro that blouse when that shirt button is holding on for dear life to stay on due to wearers weight
IAW In accordance with
IBM Instant Bosun Mate
If you’re not early, you’re late Be early, because we start on time and are not going to wait
I had it you got it Said during rushed watch turnover wher
It gets better after ORSE There is always another ORSE (Operational Reactor Safeguard Examination) coming, hence it never gets better.
IYAOYAS If you ain't ordnance, you ain't shit
Jam Dive Buddy That special friend you designate as "emotional" support when your submarine is headed the way of the Thresher. Also just an acronym for shorthand.
J-dial Internal communication system identifier on ships
Jesus Nut Slang term for the main rotor retaining nut or mast nut, which holds the main rotor to the mast of some helicopters. The related slang term Jesus pin refers to the lock pin used to secure the retaining nut.
Joe / Joe Navy A highly motivated member of the service who has “drank the kool aid”
Joe Schmuckatelli a reference to any person from Chief
Joker Idiot, someone who doesn’t take things seriously
JORG Junior officer requiring guidance: Ensign designated by wardroom as the bottom of the ensigns. JORG is in charge of events and wardroom shenanigans and carrying on “tradition”
Keelhaul A punishment inflicted for various offences in the Dutch Navy. It is performed by plunging the delinquent repeatedly under the ship's bottom on one side, and hoisting him up on the other, after having passed under the keel. Not currently in practice, hopefully.
Keep steady strain Keep up the hard work
Keep the plates spinning Keep juggling a lot of different projects and things that are going on
Khaki Term used to describe senior enlisted members (E-7 and above) or officers, due to the khaki-colored working uniform typically worn by them.
Khaki Fucker Someone who sucks up to khaki leadership
Knee-knockers A knee-knocker refers to the bottom portion of a watertight door’s frame. They are notorious for causing shin injuries. The drunken sailor’s worst enemy.
Knife hands A term to describe a flattened hand pointed at someone, either done seriously or ironically
Knock the high dust off Pay special attention to something, dig deep
Knock the rust off Get back to doing something after not doing it for a while
Knuckle-dragger Mechanic
LDI Liberty dependant item
Leaders Typically addressed to a group of sailors or khaki in an email; see 99 or ALCON.
Level cake When the cooks make a sheet cake that's 1/2" thick on one side and 4" on the other, and try to level it out with frosting Hollywood shower: shower that lasts longer than necessary, usually not done by the people that desperately need them
Liberty call, Liberty call The most sweet words you’ll ever hear after pulling into port; If you aren’t on duty, you can leave the ship
Like a monkey fuckin a coconut! Someone is messing something up
Line Flight Line
Line Rats Sailors who get around the flight line
Living document A document that is in draft and is expected to continue requiring updates
Living the dream A phrase said when asked how you are doing. Response following usually is: “Nightmares are dreams too” then everyone reflects on how deeply they are indoctrinated
Long pole in the tent The person doing all the work for everyone; also implying that you are not sharing the workload well enough
Maintenance Bible COMNAVAIRFORINST 4790.2
Maintenance by the book, with the book open Don’t fuck up this maintenance
Make a hole Move out of the way
Making sausage The arduous small steps in a larger process to actually accomplish a bigger project
Manned up/manned and ready Everyone is ready at where they are supposed to be to begin some evolution
MARF Make A Rove, Fucktard. What the duty chief tells the rover when he comes up for tour or smoke and the rover "just" came back from a rove and is hanging out in the pood shack every damn time
Marking turns for nowhere Not pulling into port anytime
Max blast Full capacity
Mech A mechanic
Mechanical agitation Smack the shit out of something with a hammer, mallet, or wrench until you get it loose, free, or make it work. You can't say, "Oh yeah, I just walloped it with a big-ass hammer." But you can say, "Liberally applied mechanical agitation to free the stuck valve." See percussive maintenance.
Melting kids to the sidewalk Blowing stuff up / dropping bombs; see warheads on foreheads
Mid-Rats Food served out at sea at midnight for the off-going watch team
Milk truck Someone who made/makes a bunch of noise on a submarine, threatening stealth
Missing gear Missing something, may have been stolen
MITRN Maybe in the Russian Navy
Monkey's Paw/fist A type of knot, so named because it looks somewhat like a small bunched fist/paw.
Monkey dick An idiot or dumbass
Monkey Shit Thick, white packing material used in a feeble attempt to seal openings between bulkheads where cables run through.
MOTO Master of the Obvious, Moto could also be short for motivated
ABA Answer by accident
Muscle fucked Need definition (FOR the record, I searched this one on google. I don’t think the videos that came up were what this phrase is referring to…
NAMP Naval Aviation Maintenance Program
Nastygram A email sent from your higher headquarters or other command telling you that you messed up
NAVY Never again volunteer yourself = lessons for life
Navy Gravy Navy coffee
Next time check the pub instead of your rectal database, shipmate! Someone gave you bad gouge
Night ops Operations at night; doing something in a clandestine way
NNMBM Navy Needs More Bosun's Mates (ie, you're a fucking idiot)
No liberty Can’t go out in town
NonQual Also known as a Dinq Ass bitch
Nooner A nap taken during lunch
NUB Non Useful Body
Nug it out Spend the time to do something that is time consuming
Nuke it To overthink an easy task
Nut to butt Get a close as possible; usually in marching formation
OBNOB Only black nuke onboard
Offline / talk offline Said during meetings to have a separate discussion outside the current situation. Said by either those who do not want their idiocy observed by others, OR they are considerate enough to not subject everyone else to the pointless conversation
Old dirt Unique and different from “new dirt”
Once over dust, twice over rust Said when painting; implying that sometimes its best to just paint over stuff
One is NONE You can’t do something alone
Out-fucking-standing Great, but usually said with heavy sarcasm
Outlook leadership Leading from the front, utilizing the finest Microsoft Office tech
Outside your Swim lane / wheelhouse An area that is not in your job description; “this task is outside your swimlane, BMC”
Oxygen Thief An idiot, literally stealing oxygen
Paper chiefs/ensigns/assholes Gummed Reinforcements (office supplies)
Part-time sailor SSBN sailors
Peanut butter shot A painful shot normally given in the back of the hip or gluteus maximus.
Pecker Checker Corpsman
Percussive maintenance Conduct maintenance by hitting something
PERGA PERGA / Permission Granted
Phantom shitter An unidentified fugitive who shits in places they should not
Phone Bitch Someone whose sole job it is to carry or talk on the phone
Piggyback To add to what someone else said. “To piggyback off of what the Captain said….”
Playing switchem with donuts See Switchem: Where one would stack donuts on the soiled thumb to chew on.
Play stupid games win stupid prizes You get hurt or get in trouble doing something that was dumb and people told you not to do
Point of Fuck UpPOFU "Sir, as depicted in this image is the battle groups POFU."
Pollywog / Wog Someone who has not yet participated in a “Crossing of the line” ceremony
Poopy Suit Coveralls
Pop smoke Make people aware of a bad situation / call for help
Port and starboard watch bill 6 hours on 6 hours off work indefinitely
Pot of money Where something is funded from
Problem with a capital P Big problem
Promulgate Put out information
Provide bodies Offer up a group of sailors who work for you to do a task
Pubs As in publications
Pukes Any group you have to deal with who isn't crew. i.e. Squadron pukes.
Pulling chocks Get ready to leave or leave
PUMA Possibly the ugliest man aboard
Push these racks outboard Boot camp reference prior to exercising the living crap out of your group
Putting out fires The act of taking care of problems
Rack back Go to bed
Rack city Beds / go to bed
Rack out Go to sleep
Rack to the future Go to bed to pass the time
Rattles like two skeletons fucking in a garbage can Something is loud
Read means dead If you see red, that is bad
Redline You cannot cross this line, or you are prohibited from doing something
Refreshment Technician Engine room watchstander. Sometimes called reactor technician
Rhinos Jets
Riders / Fucking Riders People who are TAD to a ship or aircraft and do absolutely nothing useful except take up space and get in line first
Ring knocker One of our illustrious Academy Graduates
Roach Coach The snack or lunch truck that stops by the pier.
ROAD Program Retired on Active Duty
Roast beast Pejorative term for the roast beef served
Rock fight “Navy cooks could fuck up a rock fight.”
Roger up Provide a response/provide a response that you are going to do something
Rolling out Leaving
RTFM Read the Fucking/Full Manual
Sailor-proof or Sailor-proofing Make something so hard to fuck up that even sailors cant fuck it up
Same shit, different day Phrase said by those who have long since lost their sense of self on their way to reaching that 20 year mark
SAT and UNSAT Satisfactory and unsatisfactory; terms to des
Saved rounds Additional comments; said at the end of a meeting “any saved rounds?”
Say again Please repeat what you just said
Schoolhouse The place where you go to “learn” skills from powerpoint and a bored instructor
Scooby snacks Snacks
Scuttlebutt A water fountain on a ship; also means gossip
Sea and Anchor Detail The all hands evolution required to get underway and go out to sea (as well as anchor.
Sea Dad/Daddy/mom/Pup A mentomentee
Sea lawyer Someone who cites, recites and interprets manuals, regulations and rule, usually to their own benefit or to prove someone wrong
Seaman/Fireman/_man Schmuckatelli /Timmy A random or average sailor (implication is that they’re new to the navy and kind of an idiot)
Sea Pussy A yeoman or personnelman - akin to a secretary - does clerical work
Sea sniffer Need definition
Secure for sea /but ironically and unironically) Make sure stuff is tied down so that it doesn’t move when the ship is bouncing around at sea
Semper gumby Remain flexible
Send it Do it
Send up to the old man Send something up to the Captain
Set Yoke on her To set Yoke
Shady Shit Stuff that is probably not legal
Shaft alley dive team People who do the work in the bilges
Shaft to aft The engineering spaces
Shellback The salty sailor who has crossed the line and is no longer a slimy polywog
Shillelagh Make fast Skivey waver Signalman
Shipmate / Shipmaaaaate A term to describe all fellow sailors: Said both ironically and un-ironically. Ship, shipmate, self!
Shitbag AKA Sierra Bravo; Usually not put together shipmate, or one who does stuff that constantly screws over others and doesn’t care about their own actions
Shitmate Shipmate + Shit
Shit on a shingle Darnit
Shitrats Pejorative term for midrats
Shitshow Describing something that was messed up
Shitwhack/Fuckwhack Same as shitload/fuckload
Shoot a red star cluster Let people know you need help
Shooting from the hip Guessing
Short As in short timer
Shotgun blast Send out information or an email to a lot of people unexpectedly
Sick call commando Someone who “gets sick” a lot
Sick call warrior Same as sick call commando
Sidebar A legal term used to describe the need to not subject everyone else to a conversation that is happening that does not concern the wider group
Silence on the net Shut up and stop talking on the radios; Also used as “I’m hearing silence on the net” as in no one is responding
Skate / skater Someone who’s trying to avoid work
Skim the wave tops Only talk about the important points
Slobbering geek IT, or anyone trying to be an IT
Sloppy Hoes Pejorative name for sloppy joes
SMAG Simple minded ass grabber. Superior mechanic, almost Godlike. And another that’s probably not allowed here. Certain type of Nuke (Engineering Lab Tech).
Smokin and jokin/ coking and joking Joking around; typically used in reference of a bunch of people who are not working when they should be
Smoking lamp Where you can smoke onboard the ship. When the smoking lamp is lit, you are allowed to smoke.
Smoothie Nuke ET. Short for smooth crotch. Refers to the lack of any defined features in the “crotchal region”
SNAFU Situation Normal All Fucked Up
SNOB Shortest (least time left) nuke on board)
Sound the alarm Make others aware of a situation
Soup sandwich Someone or something that is a complete mess/completely fucked up
Soup to nuts Beginning to end
Spearhead Initiate, lead
Standby to standby / Stand the fuck by Standby because you’re in trouble and whatever leader just said this is so angry they can’t think of a punishment just yet
Struggle snuggle Sleeping where you can between endless drillsets, usually in a pile.
Strut Gear Landing gear
Stump the chump Asking questions that are so specific and ridiculous, you’re not even sure if the person asking them knows; tactic employed by assholes sitting on qualifications boards
Sucked their way to the top/ EP Did or is perceived as having done special things to make rank or qualifications / eval
Sucking Ghost Dick Vaping
Suck start a mossberg Kill oneself
Sun of a gun Damnit
Super Secret squirrel The weirdos who do anything Information warfare related
Swabs Mops
Sweat equity The value of hard work
Sweepers Daily required cleaning of the ship
Switchem When you are sucking one thumb, and the other is up your ass. Then someone yells SWITCHEM and you switch the thumbs
Tacticool Term used for someone who is decked out in gear but kind of looks like a dweeb
Take a round turn Double check and work harder at something
TBI True but irrelevant
THE Academy THE United States Naval Academy
The balls Any watch that goes through midnight (0000)
The love shack Whichever room on the ship that has the most people shacking up caught in it)
The pit The engine room
The rev The watch in which reveille is called
The Sandbox What happens in the sandbox, stays in the sandbox)
The squeaky wheel gets the grease The most noticeable (or loudest) problems are the ones most likely to get attention.
Throat End/Beginning of the taxiway
Tie up loose ends Take care of the little unfinished tasks
Time in the rack is time off the boat Sleeping allows you to forget you’re on deployment
Toilet lasagna When a toilet doesn’t flush and someone shits in it, then someone lays a layer of TP to not look at it, the some shots on the TP. Repeat.
Too easy / Easy day The task ahead will be not difficult
Tool Bitch Someone who can't really help you fix something you are working on or anything else for that matter. So to make them feel like they are worth anything at all you allow them to get you the tools you need for the job.
Topsider Those fortunate souls who do not work in Engineering
Tracking Are you following? Often said by leadership needing while giving speeches to gauge or increase engagement of those poor souls that have to listen to their incessant blabbering
Triangle fish Fish served in galley
Tricare-atops People who marry servicemembers for the “amazing” healthcare; see Dependa
Trip to the fanroom Take care of something by physical means
Trust yet verify Trust that someone is doing something you asked them to do, but it’s best to double check and ensure they actually did it
Turning dead dinosaurs into noise Burning gas
Turnover (for watch) To leave your post only when properly relieved
Twidget Nuke ET
Two Five Stay Alive 2.5 GPA average often required to graduate certain school houses
Up on the governor Need definition
Ustafish The name for any submarine in your past "back on ustafish we would..."
Very well An official response to being informed of something
Vitamin M Motrin
Voluntold You were volunteetold to do something
Vulcan death watch Some brutal combination of six and four hour watches. These tend to be very grueling periods, hence the “death watches” part of the name
Waffle stomp Take a shit in the shower and then attempt to stomp it down the drain to cover your tracks.
Walking Aux tank Need definition
Walking on cans Need Definition
Warheads on foreheads The act of bombing something, or anything involved in the process
Wash Rack Need definition
Wattages on cottages Same meaning as Warheads on Foreheads
Weekend warrior Reservist
Wheels Nickname for a Quartermaster, usually given to senior QM onboard
Who’s who in the zoo A description of who people are
Wilco Will comply
Wire-biter Electricians
Word on the deckplates Gossip
Working party A group of sailors assigned to carry out a large task
Written in blood The rules to do or not do something are because somebody got hurt or died doing what you are not supposed to do
Your shit better be in one sock and not dripping Something chief says about your accuracy with things
Zarf A cup holder
Zoomies Radiation / also a term for members of the Air Force
 
 

Bibliography:

 
In addition to the definitions provided from comments, I used Wikipedia, regular google searches, and Urban Dictionary. Also referred to the below resources that I recommend checking out if you are looking for a definition not covered in this /navy post.
 
Source Information
Goat Locker Navy Slang General Navy slang terms; pretty thorough resource. Check this one out before you go to the others.
Quarterdeck If you’re looking for more standardized definitions like, ‘bow’ or what a ‘keel’
Wiktionary Glossary of Military Slang General Military Slang from all over the world and different services
Wiktionary Glossary of U.S. Navy Slang Pretty definitive comprehensive list of internet-compiled Navy slang
Wiktionary Glossary of U.S. Navy Unit Nicknames Navy unit nicknames; this page is not well loved, but there are still some good definitions in here
2015 Business Insider article on Navy terms Pretty generic article regarding Navy terms, like 'Muster'
Jalopnik article on USN Submarine Article with a few good terms from the sub community
Dictionary of Naval Abbreviations (DICNAVAB) by Bill Wedertz (Apparently the writer of The Bluejackets’ Manual) I didn't actually get my hands on a copy, but it is a printed hardcopy version of this from years past.
submitted by HOOYAH_SHIPMATE to navy [link] [comments]

Hey guys, I posted last week that I would like to write something up about Qanon rEsEaRch from the point of view of lack of and/or poor research skills. I found some material on training and learning in one of my psychology of training books that are applicable.

I’m not properly citing because I’m lazy tonight but the in-line citations are there and the book chapter and its bibliography are linked. Quoted and copied text is italicized and key ideas are in bold. Sorry if I don’t explain them completely in this post. Who knows, maybe some of these concepts taken out of context will stimulate others to come up with related ideas. ¯\_(ツ)_/¯ According to error-management training, there is nothing wrong with being wrong and you should feel free to make an error but also use it as a teachable moment. 😊
The original book chapter citation I’m drawing from is: Keith, N., & Wolff, C. (2015). Encouraging active learning. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of training, development, and performance improvement, 92-116.
This book chapter is freely available online. Note however that there is nothing in here related to conspiracies or directly to research skills. I’m extrapolating or generalizing this information to conspiracy theory research skills based on other knowledge. Fingers crossed that I’m not making the same errors as the Qanoners 😊
Knowledge cannot be transmitted from some agent to another (e.g., from the trainer to trainees, from the teacher to students) but needs to be “actively built up” by some “mental activity of learners” (Driver et al., 1994, p. 5).
Qanons don’t know how to “build up” knowledge because they don’t know-how. They build up some kind of knowledge but it’s bad, useless knowledge and should be cognitively oriented poorly. I would suspect that the knowledge makes little sense within their heads whether they know it or not.
Finally, self-regulated learning may be positioned somewhat In between formal and informal learning. Self-regulated learning implies that learners actively shape their learning experience as they use various cognitive and metacognitive strategies to control and regulate their learning (Zimmermann, 1990). Like formal learning, self-regulated learning is systematic and has a clearly defined goal; unlike formal learning, however, and more like informal learning, it may not have a clear starting and end point and it is not structured by a trainer or the organization but by the learning individual herself/himself.
Self-regulated learning is the key to this post. With little self-awareness (I suspect) self-regulated learning should be tough. Metacognition should be another lacking skill – thinking about thinking and planning out your learning.
Feedback. Some training tasks may include task-generated feedback that enables trainees to judge their progress without external guidance. For example, in computer training using modern software packages, the user can usually observe visual changes on the screen that inform him or her whether the goal (e.g., inserting a table in a text) is achieved or not. Accordingly, in error management training of computer skills, no external feedback is provided (cf. Keith & Frese, 2008). In other cases, feedback provided by an external agent (e.g., the trainer) may be necessary. For example, in the aforementioned training of electronic search skills, participants received feedback about performance and strategy. Performance feedback was calculated as the percentage of correctly retrieved search records. Strategic feedback contained expert ratings of several dimensions of their search behavior, that is, breadth, depth, sequence of search, and thesaurus usage (Wood et al., 2000). In the studies mentioned above that used the decision-making simulation, trainees obtained feedback on several important aspects of the task, including basic and strategic performance, after each trial (e.g., Bell & Kozlowski, 2008).
Obviously, the relevant concept is search-skills as related to feedback and as criteria of learning and improvement.
Metacognitive instructions Metacognition implies that an individual exerts self-regulatory “control over his or her cognitions” (Ford et al., 1998, p. 220) and it involves skills of planning and monitoring as well as evaluation of one’s progress during task completion (Brown et al., 1983). Instructions designed to increase metacognition during training may encourage participants to ask themselves questions such as “What is my problem? What am I trying to achieve?” or “What do I know about the program so far that can be useful now?” (Keith & Frese, 2005). Metacognition may further be increased by instigating verbal self-explanation and communication with peers (Roll et al., 2012).
Research should be planned and organized. A Qanon researcher should most likely not know enough to evaluate their own skills and monitor progress or performance.
I’m just throwing stuff out here and thought others might find it interesting. I could be making plenty of errors and weak analogies but that’s not the point at the moment.
submitted by tehdeej to ConspiracyPsychology [link] [comments]

Can we finally put the "Joseph Smith was a pedophile" to bed now.....Post from Ask Historians

Sorry I am not quite sure how to cross-post or if it is allowed. A user here u/Dwood15 Submitted a question to the Ask Historians Reddit and received a really a great answer from what I presume is a Non-Mormon.
Here is the question then followed by the detailed reply. From what I gather from a non-mormon historian looking at the evidence, he concludes Joseph's Marriage to Helen Mar Kimball is not as scandalous given the historical evidence when it concerns her age..... Warning it is a very long and detailed answer.

Title of Question...From the late 18th to early 19th centuries, how did people of that era look at men who married girls significantly younger than them?

The Mormon prophet Joseph Smith, in his later life, married girls much younger than him.
Were there people from that era who called him out for it?
Was it common for older men to get called out or stigmatized for marrying girls in that 12-17 year age range?
u/sowser answer
It was normal in the 19th century for men to be older than the women that they married, but it was still the case that women tended not to marry until they were into their 20s; it was only in the mid-20th century that it became the case that the average woman could expect to marry before her 20th birthday. Men would generally be older on the expectation that they were meant to be providers and heads of household for their spouses and so, accordingly, would need time to establish themselves financially or at least in the security of stable work before they were in a position to take a bride. For the vast majority of people marriage was something that came in their 20s when they had already attained the legal age of adulthood and not before, although some of the age gaps that were socially acceptable might arouse concern in us today - there's an average age gap of around 4 or 5 years between men and women, but 7 or 8 would not have been too odd.
However, there were a significant minority of American men who married women who were below the age of majority - and this was not necessarily the taboo practice we now rightly recognise it to be. The concept of "child marriage" doesn't seem to appear anywhere in American public discourse until the mid to late 1800s - there was no cultural understanding that it represented a distinct phenomenon different to regular marriage. In the 19th century age was something of a ephemeral thing. Many ordinary people may not have known their exact age; whilst people understood there was such a thing as 'childhood' and that children were more vulnerable than adults physically and emotionally, they also understood childhood and adolescence beyond the earliest years of life to be a state of mind or state of being more than a stage of life, and different individuals could mature into adulthood at different times. Additionally, marriage in the 1800s was understood to be an unequal institution in which there was supposed to be a power imbalance heavily skewed in favour of the male partner; the idea of the female partner being younger and more impressionable was not the inherent negative we recognise it to be in our modern gender equal societies today, and a young woman's freedom to choose a marriage partner was largely dependent on the extent to which her parents and any prospective partner cared about her feelings in the matter. Many women had little to no choice, or only a very limited choice, in who they were married to. In the gender unequal world of the 19th century some parents saw arranging marriages for daughters at a young age as a means to 'set them up' for the best possible life in terms of security and stability. Marriage itself was thought to have a morally sanctifying and uplifting impact on the people marrying each other also, which served to alleviate anxieties about one partner being young - the spiritually transformative impact of marriage would strengthen the virtue of the man and 'mature' the woman.
The law in these cases could be ambiguous but generally speaking, set a low age of consent. A major test case in the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1854 (Parton vs Hervey) ruled that the marriage of a 13 year old girl and a 19 year old man was valid despite the objection of the 13 year old's mother that she did not consent to the ceremony, arguing that legal tradition treated girls as being able to consent to marriage from the age of 12 onwards and boys from the age of 14 onwards. The state court did affirm that it was only legal to marry people without parental consent if they had attained the age of majority but did not invalidate the actual marriage. Tellingly, the concern of the parents in Parton vs Hervey was not that the girl was too young for her own good to be married but that by leaving the parental home early her family were deprived of the benefit to having her work in the household several years earlier than they expected; their concern was economic and social, not moral or sexual. The courts in contrast usually upheld child marriages in these cases for moral reasons - fearful that if they were dissolved, there would be a sudden influx in a number of young women forced to become single mothers, or that it would set a precedent for encouraging men to find ways to escape their marital obligations. For some girls marriage at an early age could also represent an age of agency and resistance to parental control by choosing to elope or secretly marry a partner old enough to provide in them but closer to their age or character compared to someone their parents might intend to pressure them into marrying, or to escape from abusive family. It was only really from the late 1800s onwards, and especially the early 20th century, that marrying a minor began to become something sharply taboo in American culture on the grounds that grown men should not be having sex with teenage girls.
Extreme age gaps were rarer but likewise not unheard of - in the 1760s, the 73 year old Governor of Virginia had married a 15 year old girl. Although he was ridiculed by his critics for doing so the criticism was not that the girl he married was too young but rather that the Governor was too old and behaving inappropriately. This was still generally speaking the attitude of the average American in the 1830s: whilst there was discomfort with marriages in which a teenage girl was wed to a significantly older man, the discomfort lay more in what that said about the man's character rather than in his sexual desires or the worry about how young she was. It was unusual, sometimes uncomfortable or frowned upon, but it was not seen as being fundamentally immoral or evident of deviant sexuality. Hangovers of this persist in our popular culture and laws today - in many parts of the United States it remains possible that teenage girls can marry older boys or men with parental consent, and this continues to happen to this day. Likewise in many places the age of sexual consent is set at an age lower than the age of majority for other activities and at a level most of us would be uncomfortable with if a 40 year old were partnered with someone at the age of consent. Consider the UK for example, where a 16 year old can sleep with a 50 year old Member of Parliament legally, but not vote for that MP in a general election for another two years. Moral and cultural attitudes to both the nature of childhood and sexuality have changed radically from the early 1800s.
In Joseph Smith Jr's case the objections to the philosophy of marriage that he developed later in his preaching rarely focused on the age of the women involved but rather that there were women involved, plural. For one, polygamy was only ever practised in secret during Joseph's life-time and although rumours of it did escape Illinois and made it as far afield as European newspapers, the exact details of who was involved were not known and the vast majority of rank-and-file Latter Day Saints were able to comfortably reject the idea (the public announcement of polygamy as doctrine under Brigham Young seems to have played a major role in almost destroying the Latter Day Saint movement outside of the United States by disillusioning members; the number of British followers collapses in the 1850s). It was the fact that Joseph and his close associates were marrying multiple women, not that some of them were of quite a young age, that was deeply scandalising to both civil society and internal dissenters within the Mormon church. The way in which Joseph was most remarkable for his time in terms of the age of his partners was the fact he married a number of women older than him, including his first and 'primary' wife, Emma, who was about a year older at the time of their wedding.
Perhaps the most telling evidence of contemporary attitudes comes from the Reorganised Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, or the RLDS Church, which was organised by Joseph Smith III, Joseph Jr and Emma's son. Joseph III and Emma both staunchly denied that the founding Prophet of Latter Day Saintism has ever practised polygamy and insisted it was an innovation of Brigham Young that distorted Joseph Jr's teachings (RLDS historians now overwhelmingly agree Joseph Jr did practice polygamy). The early RLDS Church made rejecting what they perceived as the sexual deviancy and immorality of Brigham Young's theology a core part of how they distinguished themselves from the LDS Church in Utah, along with innovations like the idea of Eternal Progression and the Godhead (the RLDS Church retained a pre-Nauvoo, Trinitarian theology). Despite the fact Brigham Young and others also married teenage girls many years younger than them, this point of critique is absent from Address to the Saints in Utah and California, an 1864 missionary text by the RLDS Church aimed at proving polygamy is morally wrong and that Young cannot be Joseph Jr's successor; Joseph III did not add it in when he revised the text in 1869, and it is absent from other criticisms of plural marriage by Saints who did not follow Brigham Young to Utah.
It is worth contextualising all of this within the innovations of early Mormon theology. Latter Day Saintism history of gender roles is complicated: whilst in some ways early Mormons were fiercely patriarchal and had a very strict idea of sex roles between men and women, in other ways they were also much more equal than in many contemporary social groups and organisations. Emma and Joseph married for love in defiance of family protests and Emma had a disproportionately large impact on the development of the Latter Day Saint movement; most famously, the Word of Wisdom (LDS D&C 89 / RLDS D&C 86) that many Mormons live by in some way today came about from Emma's petitioning of Joseph to come up with standards of behaviour for the him and his male friends when they were socialising together. But she also played a major role in helping
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Joseph at every stage of his life's work, both as an adviser and in practice, and she was subject to her own personal revelation in 1830 that lead to her creating the first Church Hymnal and establishing the importance of music and singing as a form of worship in its own right in Mormon religious culture (LDS D&C 25 / RLDS D&C 24). At Nauvoo, women established the original LDS Relief Society in which women - though limited in where they could formally reach - were organised into a genuinely autonomous and vibrant organisation intended to parallel the male priesthood, with Emma Smith at the head. Over one thousand women took up roles of community leadership and organising through the Relief Society. Emma Smith used her position in the Relief Society to preach against polygamy - which many historians believe was because she was fully aware of the practice and trying to put pressure on Joseph to end it - but focused always on the immorality of what she saw as effective adultery, rather than concern over the exploitation of younger women or anything like that. The greater support network and in some areas of life greater autonomy for Latter Day Saint women in the highly communal early Mormon cities in Ohio and Illinois may have helped to quell nascent concerns about the implication of age gaps.
Second, it's worth keeping in mind that Latter Day Saint theology establishes a distinct period of 'spiritual' childhood that distinguishes adults from children in terms of their ability to take moral responsibility for their actions and choices. The Book of Mormon establishes that young children are incapable of true sin - transgression against God's will - and automatically enjoy eternal salvation; the baptism of babies or young children is very strongly condemned as immoral and regressive in the BoM (e.g. LDS Moroni 8:8 / RLDS Moroni 8:9). In 1831, revelation established this as the age of eight (D&C 68) and this has accordingly been Mormon practice ever since in all Latter Day Saint denominations. This is not to say that the Latter Day Saints in the 1830s became adults suddenly at the age of eight - children over eight are still considered children in Mormon scripture (e.g. LDS D&C 20 / RLDS D&C 17). Likewise, this was explicitly framed in rejection of the mainstream Christian idea that children were born inherently sinful and needing forgiveness and so were capable of sin at a young age, too; certainly for some early converts the promise of eternal salvation for children who died in infancy was appealing in a world where many parents lost children at a young age. This view of childhood as a time of pure and genuine innocence, with a fixed age of 'graduation' from that phase of childhood, is much more in keeping with our modern ideas about age. But at a time when ideas about age were much more fluid and varied and marriage was held to have a maturing, transformative effect on the individual, the idea of a 14 or 15 year old being close to twice the age of accountability may have also played a role in explaining why Latter Day Saints did not question the acceptability of child marriage as we now call it. Certainly there were individuals in Joseph Smith's lifetime starting to do so on the grounds that it was harmful to the development of young girls although, again, it would be close to a century before society began to seriously become concerned about grown men being attracted to younger girls.
In terms of actual sexual practices, the evidence for the extent to which Joseph Smith Jr had sexual relationships with all of the women he married is mixed - whilst he certainly did with some, it appears with others the marriage was motivated primarily by other factors, and it is not always to tell which spouses he did or did not. It seems unlikely that he ever had sexual relations with his youngest known spouse Helen Mar Kimball, who was 14 at the time of wedding. The marriage was most likely organised by her father, senior LDS leader Heber C Kimball, to connect the Kimball and Smith families in what he understood to be a profound and spiritual way. Although she was publicly known to have been married to Smith and was a vocal defender of the institution of polygamy when an 1892 trial between three different Mormon denominations saw the LDS Church in Utah nominate multiple of Smith's wives to testify that he had practised polygamy, with the goal of disproving the RLDS' claims about Joseph Jr, Kimball was not called even though a decade earlier she had written a tract directly attacking the RLDS philosophy of monogamous marriage. The three women who were called were all aged 17 - 19 at time of marriage to Smith, whilst the youngest person we have probable evidence of a sexual relationship with is Fanny Alger, who some think may have been his first 'plural wife' (although there is debate if it was a 'simple' affair), who was aged 16 when Joseph was 31. But the vast majority of Joseph's reported wives were older than this - Kimball is the only one known to be under the age of 16 and it was almost certainly a functional marriage. In addition, Illinois had an age of consent of just 10 years old by the tail end of the 19th century; if Smith had been so inclined, given he was already practising polygamy illegally and against the cultural norms of the day, he would have absolutely felt even more at liberty to exploit younger girls.
Finally, it might be useful to think of other contemporary examples to illustrate that whilst Smith's behaviour was unusual it was not unthinkable. Edgar Allen Poe famously married his 13-year old cousin when he was 27 years old in 1835, whilst the royal families of Europe could testify to an abundance of what would now be considered arranged child marriages in the 19th century, some involving pairings with similar ages and age gaps to the ones that frequently scandalise people reading about Joseph Smith. The future German Emperor, Wilhelm I, was married aged 32 to the 17 year old Augusta the year before the publishing of the Book of Mormon. Whilst these kind of unions were absolutely abnormal, and laws in the 19th century increasingly sought to restrict them and encourage marriage over the age of majority, there was simply not the same understanding of age and consent that we have in our modern world. It is Joseph Smith Jr's practice of polygamy that makes him stand out sharply from his contemporaries rather than the people who he was saying he was marrying.
There are absolutely many valid criticisms we can make of how Joseph Smith Jr and others appear to have practised the system of plural marriage as a coercive, patriarchal institution. Where age is concerned however, neither Smith nor his contemporaries were exceptional for the cultural norms of the time - age gaps between men and women were the norm rather than the exception and although most people did wait until full adulthood to marry, by no means would the idea of marrying a 15 or 16 year old have aroused the same feelings of outrage and alarm that they do today, and early Latter Day Saint thinking on the nature of adulthood vs childhood probably played a role, too. What made Smith and the Mormon polygamists exceptional was their practice of non-monogamy and extreme, church-sanctioned non-monogamy at that rather than the age dynamics or coercive nature of the relationships. Today, the lack of monogamy is probably the thing the average American would find least offensive in a culture with a much greater acceptance of sexual promiscuity, whilst the unequal treatment of women (even if the movement was in other ways progressive for its time) and acceptance of age gaps much more disturbing to our sensibilities. Whilst we can be rightly critical of these things in considering what lessons we want to take from our past to inform the shape and direction of our lives and societies today, we must be mindful that we do not project our modern sensibilities and perspectives onto the people of the past and try to understand their actions within the moral and social contexts of the societies they lived in. Understanding them as they understood themselves allows us to appreciate the pressures and influences they were acting and thinking upon, which enhances our ability to see the similarities and differences between yesterday and today when thinking about what yesterday means for tomorrow.
Selected Bibliography
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Edit* to update the Historian /sowser has posted a 2nd write up responding to a user here contentions. I also think it is a great read.
https://np.reddit.com/AskHistorians/comments/kvm8g3/from_the_late_18th_to_early_19th_centuries_how/gj8hfdw?utm_source=share&utm_medium=web2x&context=3
submitted by mwjace to mormon [link] [comments]

what information should be included in a bibliography video

Bibliography vs. Reference vs. Work Cited (Research ... Creating an APA Format Annotated Bibliography - YouTube MLA Style Works Cited List: How to Cite Websites - YouTube What's an annotated bibliography? - YouTube How to Write a Bibliography - YouTube

Annotated Bibliographies: What Should be Included in the Annotation? Guidelines for Preparing an Annotated Bibliography. What Should be Included in the Annotation? Some information your annotation might provide: What is the author's thesis and main points? Who is the author, what is his That is why each source you use must be listed in a detailed bibliography with enough information for someone to go and find it by themselves. Your bibliography should include a minimum of three written sources of information about your topic from books, encyclopedias, and periodicals. An annotated bibliography provides specific information about each source you have used. As a researcher, you have become an expert on your topic: you have the ability to explain the content of your sources, assess their usefulness, and share this information with others who may be less familiar with them. What information should be included in an annotated bibliography So i had to back to put your expectations. Targeted and have made parents teachers in rio olympics has initiated to comeback. Science, work through hardships to photographs, the sidewalk. We make someone to follow a lot of voice, 21 teardrops. An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited. Need help? A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include: the authors' names; the titles of the works; the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources; the dates your copies were published what information should be included in an article by Frank Leanza on Jul 19, 2017. Frank -- articles include lots of different information, depending on factors ranging from their intended audience, where they are published (e.g., in a popular or scholarly source), and what they are trying to convey. our editorial process. Grace Fleming. Updated June 25, 2018. A bibliography is a list of books, scholarly articles, speeches, private records, diaries, interviews, laws, letters, websites, and other sources you use when researching a topic and writing a paper. The bibliography appears at the end. The inclusion of a bibliography not only provides assurance that the material used in the creation of the paper is factual and relevant, but also offers credit to original sources and directs readers to the original source should more information be required. Other reasons to include a bibliography in your work are: 1. Annotated bibliography r h owl.english.purdue.edu; Produk. FLU – PILEK – INFLUENZA; Ut college admission essays; ANTIBIOTIK ALAMI; Annotated bibliography for encyclopedia; DIABETES MELITUS; TYPHUS; CHIKUNGUNYA; How to write job application letter in nepali language; DEMAM; Info Kesehatan. Obat Tradisional A-Z; Penyakit A-Z. Jamu dan Solusi

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Bibliography vs. Reference vs. Work Cited (Research ...

-- Created using PowToon -- Free sign up at http://www.powtoon.com/ . Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free ... Full Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLLALQuK1NDrh9HgAQ22wep8X18Fvvcm8R--Watch more How to Write Essays and Research Papers videos: http://ww... *Please note a verbal error in this video regarding serif v. sans serif fonts. Times New Roman is a SERIF font. Arial or calibri are examples of sans serif... Dr. Manishika Jain in this video explains difference between Bibliography vs. Reference vs. Work Cited In which writing style bibliography is used. How is bi... UPDATE: MLA has published a new, 8th edition. Some of the recommendations for citing are quite different. We are currently working on a new video series. Ple...

what information should be included in a bibliography

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